Superior University. Department of Electrical Engineering CS-115. Computing Fundamentals. Experiment No.1

Transcription

1 Superior University Department of Electrical Engineering CS-115 Computing Fundamentals Experiment No.1 Introduction of Compiler, Comments, Program Structure, Input Output, Data Types and Arithmetic Operators Prepared for By: Name: ID: Section: Semester: Total Marks: Obtained Marks: Signature: Date:

2 Contents of Lab Objectives: Introduction of Compiler: Comments: Structure of a Program: Basic Data Types Using Variables: Basic Input Output: Escape Sequences: Input: Lab Tasks: Task 2: Home Assignment: Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder

3 Introduction of Compiler, Comments, Program Structure, Input Output, Data Types and Arithmetic Operators 1.1. Objectives: To briefly introduce Dev-C ++ Compiler To learn about comments and how to write Program statements To understand program structure To understand program input output To learn and use Data Types To use mathematical operators 1.2. Introduction of Compiler: a. Start Dev-C++: To start Dev-C ++, Go to My Computer, Program Files, Dev-Cpp folder as shown in Fig 1.1 Click on devcpp.exe file 3 Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder

4 b. Create a Source File Before creating the source code file, it is necessary to create a Source File (File > New > Source File). c. Save the Program 4 Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder

5 After indicating the folder where the Source file (.cpp) will be saved, the IDE generates a basic source code file (by default, main.c). These files are not saved in the project folder until the programmer saves or compiles the program The IDE window includes three sub-windows: the Project Files Explorer, the Result Window, and the Source Code Editor. These windows can be resized and minimized. The Files Explorer window shows the name of the project and the included files. The Project tab usually contains a single file with the source code of the program. In this pane, we can find two additional tabs: Classes and Debug. Classes tab shows the functions of the program. Debug tab shows watched variables in the debugging process. The Results window is used to present the results of the actions of the IDE: compilation errors, compiling directives, debugging commands, etc. 5 Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder

6 d. Files created The files of the project are saved when the source code file is saved. The remaining files of the project are saved when the application is compiled and stored in the project folder. Files Extension Description Project file.dev Project configuration data Make file.win Required for the compilation process. Manages program dependencies and includes instructions for the linker Source code file.cpp Source code Object file.o Object code resulting from the compilation of the source code. Each.c has a corresponding.o after the compilation Executable file.exe Executable application e. Writing Source Code Once the project has been created, we can start writing our C program. It is recommended to use the classic color configuration of the editor (Tools > Editor options >Syntax > Color Speed Settings > Classic) and to activate the support for opening and closing brackets (Tools > Editor options > General > Highlight matching braces / parenthesis). The editor highlights with different colors keywords and other elements of the C language. The classic scheme uses: Light blue for comments Green for included libraries Red for text strings Bold black for C keyword f. Compilation and Link To run a program, the source code must be compiled and linked. Dev-C++ performs the complete process by clicking the Compile button (or Ctrl + F9). While the compilation and link process is being performed, the IDE shows a dialog with related information. If the process is successful, the window shows the message Done. 6 Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder

7 1.3. Comments: A comment is a line or paragraph of text in a file such that the line or paragraph is not considered when the compiler (or the parser) is decoding the code of the file. The C/C++ language accepts two types of comments: To write a comment on one line, type two forward slashes // and type the comment. Anything on the right side of both forward slashes would not be read by the compiler (actually the parser) Example: To write a comment paragraph, start it with a forward slash / followed by an asterisk *, // My First Program //. write the comment. To end the comment, type an asterisk * followed by a forward slash / /* This is an example of a forward slash asterisk comment */ Examples: Or several lines can be commented as below: /* clrscr(); cout<< \n\n Hello to our project! ; getch(); */ 1.4. Structure of a Program: Probably the best way to start learning a programming language is by writing a program. Here, it should be kept in mind that dev C++ compiler is used for compilation and execution of codes. Let us begin with our first program: Example 1 Table 1: Example //Lab_1_Example_1.cpp #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { cout<< "Hello to our project!"; return 0; } Hello to our project! 7 Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder

8 The first panel (white) shows the source code for our program. The second panel (gray) shows the result of the program once compiled and executed. To the left, the grey numbers represent the line numbers - these are not part of the program, and are shown here only for informational purposes. Line 1: //Lab_1_Example_1.cpp This is a comment line. Line 2: #include <iostream> Lines beginning with a hash sign (#) are directives for the preprocessor. They are not regular code lines with expressions but indications for the compiler's preprocessor. In this case the directive #include <iostream> tells the preprocessor to include the iostream header file. This specific file (iostream) includes the declarations of the basic standard input-output library in C++, and it is included because its functionality is going to be used later in the program. Line 3: using namespace std; All the elements of the standard C++ library are declared within what is called a namespace, the namespace with the name std. So in order to access its functionality we declare with this expression that we will be using these entities. This line is very frequent in C++ programs that use the standard library, and in fact it will be included in most of the source codes included in this lab manual. Line 4: int main () This line corresponds to the beginning of the definition of the main function. The main function is where all C++ programs start their execution, independently of its location within the source code. It does not matter whether there are other functions with other names defined before or after it - the instructions contained within this function's definition will always be the first ones to be executed in any C++ program. For that same reason, it is essential that all C++ programs have a main function. The word main is followed in the code by a pair of parentheses (()).These parentheses may enclose a list of parameters within them. We will discuss parameters soon with functions. Line 6: cout<<"welcome to Superior University!"; This line is a C++ instruction. An instruction is a simple or compound expression that can actually produce some effect. This statement will print Welcome to Superior University! on output screen. cout is the name of the standard print instruction in C++, and the meaning of the entire instruction is to print a sequence of characters (in this case the Welcome to Superior University!) into the standard output screen. Notice that the statement ends with a semicolon character (;). In C++ every statement must have a semicolon at the end of line. Line 8: return 0; The return statement is use to end main function. 8 Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder

9 1.5. Basic Data Types Here are some basic data types that we will mostly be using in our Lab sessions. Table 2: Data Types Data Type Description Size char Character or small integer. 1byte short int (short) Short Integer. 2bytes int Integer. 4bytes long int (long) Long integer. 8bytes float Floating point number. 4bytes double Double precision floating point number. 8bytes long double Long double precision floating point number. 16bytes 1.6. Using Variables: To use a variable, we need to perform two steps. Declaration: in variable declaration first we have to provide the data type and the Name of variable. Initialization: in variable initialization we have to provide a starting value, otherwise C++ will auto initialize it with a garbage value. Syntax for variable declaration and initialization in C++ is: Table 3: Declaration and Initialization of Variables Data Type Space Variable Name (Identifier) = Initial Value ; int A = 10 ; 9 Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder

10 Example2: Table 4: Example //Lab_1_Example_2.cpp #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int Marks = 56; float Avg = 40.3; char Grade = B ; cout<< "Marks are = "<<Marks<<endl; cout<< "Average is = " <<Avg<<endl; cout<< "Grade is = " <<Grade<<endl; return 0; } (int) Marks= 56 (float) Average= 40.3 (char) Grade= B Example3: Table 5: Example //Lab_1_Example_3.cpp #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { // declaring variables: int a, b; int result; // process: a = 5; b = 2; a = a + 1; result = a - b; // print out the result: cout<< result; // terminate the program: return 0; } 4 10 Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder

11 1.7. Basic Input Output: Output: Display devices like LCD and CRT are used to show information to user. Displaying information is nothing to do with processing of data. In Turbo C++ we use cout to display information on display screen. Its instruction structure is: Table 6: Output Keyword Output Stream Operator String or Variable Name ; cout << Hello World ; cout << endl ; 1.8. Escape Sequences: These are non-printing characters. They are special character set, each with specific meaning. An escape sequence always begins with a back slash and is followed by one or more special characters. These characters are used to alter the behavior of output. Table 7: Escape Sequence \n \t \a \\ \ \f \r \0 Escape Sequence Meaning New Line Horizontal Tab Alert(Bell) Back Slash Quotation Mark Form feed Carriage Return Null 1.9. Input: Nowadays, there is no program without user input. Especially keyboard is most commonly used as an input device. C++ use cin to take input from user. It will keep taking input until you hit Return Key. But put Null when space bar is pressed. So using cin we can only take input of a numeric value or a single word. Its instruction structure is: 11 Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder

12 Table 8: Output Keyword Input Stream Operator Variable Name ; cin >> Input ; cin >> A ; Example 4: Table 9: Example //Lab_1_Example_4.cpp #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { int a, b; int result; cout<< Please provide value of a: ; cin>> a; cout<< Please provide value of b: ; cin>> b; result = a + b; cout<< Result is: <<result; return 0; } Please provide value of a: 12 Please provide value of b: 16 Result is: Lab Tasks: Solve the following tasks. Task 1: Make a Filled Diamond Shape using escape sequence \n Table 10: Lab Task /* Complete the following program to make a filled diamond shape using "\n" New Line */ #include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout<<" * \n *** \n ***** \n"; } return 0; 12 Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder

13 1.11. Task 2: Write a program which calculates ohm s law, where voltage and Resistance will be given by user. Task 3: Write a Program to calculate and display the Height, Width, Area and Perimeter of the Triangle Hint: Area = w h Perimeter = 2 (w + h) Task 4: Write a Program which takes the Time (Hours, Minutes & Seconds) as input from user and calculate Time in Total hours, Total Minutes and Total Seconds Task 5: Write a program that reads two integers and output the result of following operation: a. Addition b. Subtraction c. Division d. Multiplication e. Square 13 Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder

14 1.12. Home Assignment: Task 1: Write a program which display the following shape. Computing Fundamentals Lab 1 Fig.1 1: Figure of Traiangle using estericks Task 2: Write a program which takes 5 quizzes marks as input from the user. Calculate and display the average of these marks. Task 3: Write a program which takes year as input and display output in Months, Days Hours and Seconds. Task 4: Write a program to find the roots of the quadratic equation. 14 Engr. Syed Intazar Hyder