CAS LX 522 Syntax I. Case. [ucase:acc] [ucase:nom] Pronouns. NPs need case

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1 CAS LX 522 Syntax I Case, agreement, and the passie 11 (chapter 6 continues) Case Recall that s in English show distinctions in case: Subject s are in nominatie case Object s are in accusatie case How can we ensure the correlation? 1) I saw her. 2) She saw me. 3) hey saw him. [ucase: Nominatie subjects generally appear in the specifier of a finite. Finite is pretty much any kind of except the infinitie. We can treat case like we treated tense inflection: Suppose also has a [ucase: feature. Suppose nominatie s hae a [ucase:] feature. Suppose the [ucase: on can alue [ucase:] on the, checking both. So needs a nom, and a nom needs. [ucase: Subjects check nominatie case with. Objects hae accusatie case, which we can treat in the same kind of way. Suppose has [ucase:. Suppose accusatie s hae [ucase] Suppose the [ucase: on can alue the [ucase:] feature on the, checking both. Nominatie case is a relation between (finite) and an, accusatie case is a relation between and an. Pronouns Nominatie case is associated with finite. She will charm snakes. I want her to charm snakes. I expect her to charm snakes Non-finite is not associated with nominatie case. It s not actually associated with accusatie case either, but we ll come back to that later. Because s hae an unalued [ucase:] feature, we can suppose that s always enter the numeration the same way, and are alued based on where they are Merged. [N, ucase:, ] s need case Although in English we only see the morphological effect of case on s, we assume that all s hae an unalued [ucase:] feature. Plenty of languages other than English show case on all s, not just on s. Case is something that goes with being an. It s just something you often don t hear in English. Notational shortcuts: [ is used for [ucase: (on, or when checked) [ is used for [ucase: (on, or when checked) [case] is used for [ucase:] (on an )

2 Subject-erb agreement Recall that in English, the φ-features of the subject hae an effect on the morphology of the erb: 1) Fans were rioting on Comm Ae. 2) A fan was rioting on Comm Ae. While we re here, we might as well account for this too. It is also an agreement relation, between the subject and, eentually, the erb (or auxiliary, if there is one). Subject-erb agreement What we re after is this: he subject (the thing that s getting nominatie case) should share/check φ-features with the thing that gets inflection from tense. he releant inflection is alued by. he φ-features are on the that checks nominatie case with. Maybe it s passed from the to, then from to the uinfl: below. 1) Fans were rioting on Comm Ae. 2) A fan was rioting on Comm Ae. 3) Fans riot on Comm Ae. 4) A fan riots on Comm Ae. [ucase: Subject-erb agreement So. he erb gets its tense inflection specified by when, e.g., the [tense:pres] feature of alues the [uinfl:] feature of. Since the subject already agrees with (the [ feature of checks the [case] feature of the subject), we ll incorporate subject agreement into this process. Notice that we still want this agreement to be mediated by (sometimes it alues, e.g., Perf): 1) hey hae been reading noels. 2) She has been reading noels. [ucase: ] Subject-erb agreement Suppose then that has a [uφ:] feature as well. he subject has (interpretable) φ-features that alue the [uφ:] feature of. Fans were rioting on Comm Ae. [, un*, uφ:, fans [N, φ:pl, case] So, once is in the structure, c-commanding fans in SpecP, we get: [, un*, uφ:pl, fans [N, φ:pl, [ucase: [ucase: ] [ucase: [ucase: Subject-erb agreement Finally, we suppose that the (checked) [uφ:pl] feature of, also alues a [uinfl:] feature on a lower (or Perf, or Prog). So, let s walk through it. We start by merging like and the 3pl. he rules of pronunciation will tell us that a with the erb riot adjoined to it sounds like: riots if has the feature [uinfl:pres,sg] riot if has the feature [uinfl:pres,pl] Notice that alues a [uinfl:] feature all at once, with any releant feature(s) it has (so, tense and φ-features both). likes [N, :3pl, case,... ]

3 [, un*, uinfl:, u*, We Merge with (HoP). he [ on matches, alues, and checks the [case] on the, checking itself as well. Agree is lazy, we can do this without any further Merging or Moing. [, un*, uinfl:, u*, likes he moes up to adjoin to to check the [u*] feature of. likes [, un*, uinfl:, u*, < > he moes up to adjoin to to check the [u*] feature of. he 3sg feminine is Merged to check the [un*] feature of. P he is Merged with P (HoP). he [ feature of matches, alues, and checks the [case] feature of the, checking itself in the process. [N, :3fsg, case] likes [, un*, uinfl:, u*, < > [, tense:pres, u :, un*, [N, :3fsg, P likes [, un*, < > uinfl:, u*, he [φ:3fsg] feature of alues and checks the [uφ:] feature of. [, tense:pres, u :3fsg, un*, [N, :3fsg, P likes [, un*, u*, acc, uinfl:pres3fsg] < > he [uφ:3fsg] and [tense:pres] features of alue and check the [uinfl:] feature of. [, tense:pres, u :3fsg, un*, [N, :3fsg, P likes [, un*, u*, acc, uinfl:pres3fsg] From now on: (Finite) can only alue a lower [uinfl:] feature once itself has a alue for [φ]. Both [tense] and [φ] alue the lower [uinfl:] feature. First step is always to check the [uφ:] feature on, after which will check the lower [uinfl:] feature. < >

4 P [N, :3fsg, [, tense:pres, u :3fsg, un*, Finally, the is moed up and Merged with ʹ in order to check the P < > likes [, un*, u*, acc, uinfl:pres3fsg] EPP feature (the [un*] feature) of. < > P [N, :3fsg, [, tense:pres, u :3fsg, un*, P < > likes [, un*, u*, acc, uinfl:pres3fsg] All uninterpretable features are checked, the pronunciation rules gie us she likes them. < > he case of prepositional objects Consider the case of the object of a preposition: Computers near me. Now that we e incorporated case into our system, we re stuck with it. Noun phrases come with case. Computers has case (nominatie) and me has case (accusatie). he question is: How is the case of me checked? Computers near me Computers is unaccusatie; there s no agent, and is the heme/patient, it is the affected object. hus, we hae in our numeration: unaccusatie[, uinfl:, u*] [N, φ:3pl, case] [, uφ:, pres, nom, un*] As well as near and me, which we ll get to in a moment. Computers First, let s just do. We start by merging and. Computers [, uinfl:, u*] We Merge with (HoP). P [N, :3pl, case] [, u*, uinfl:] [N, :3pl, case]

5 Computers he moes up to adjoin to to check the [u*] feature of. P [, u*, uinfl:] < > [N, :3pl, case] Computers he is Merged with P (HoP). has the features: [, pres, uφ:, un*,. he [ feature of can now match the [case] feature of. [, tense:pres, u :, un*, P [, u*, uinfl:] < > [N, :3pl, case] Computers he [ feature of matches, alues, and checks the [case] feature of, checking itself in the process. he [uφ:] feature of can also match the [φ:3pl] feature of. [, tense:pres, u :, un*, P [, u*, uinfl:] < > [N, :3pl, Computers he [φ:3pl] feature of matches, alues, and checks the [uφ:] feature of. he [tense:pres] feature of matches the [uinfl:] feature of, which will be alued by both the tense and φ-features of. It s [tense:pres] that matches the [uinfl:] feature, but the φ- features come along when the [uinfl:] feature is alued. [, tense:pres, P [, u*, uinfl:] < > [N, :3pl, Computers he [un*] feature of matches the [N] feature of. his is not sufficient to check the [un*] feature because they are not local, so is moed up to SpecP. Computers Once the [N] feature of is a sister to the ʹ that has the [un*] feature (the feature projects from to ʹ it s the same feature), the [un*] feature is checked. P [, tense:pres, P [, u*, < > [N, :3pl, [N, :3pl, [, tense:pres, P < > < > [, u*,

6 Computers near me Now, let s consider Computers near me. Me is clearly accusatie. here s nothing here that can alue a case feature as accusatie. hat s why I chose. All we re adding to this is me (which has accusatie case) and the P near. P [N, :3pl, [, tense:pres, P < > < > [, u*, Computers near me Conclusion: It must be near that is responsible for the accusatie case on me. P [N, :3pl, [, tense:pres, P near [P, un*, P [N, :1sg, case] < > < > [, u*, Computers near me Merge near and me (1sg ). he [N] feature of me checks the [un*] feature of near. he [ feature of near alues and checks the [case] feature of me (checking itself in the process). Near me he last step: Adjoin the PP to the P. o the P? Near me can appear on either side of P, not P. Computers near me P PP P PP P near [P, un*, [N, :1sg, [N, :3pl, [, tense:pres, P P near [P, un*, < > < > [, u*, [N, :1sg, P checks accusatie So, in general: A preposition P... Has a [P] category feature Has a [un*] feature, motiating a Merge with its object. Has an [ feature, aluing and checking the [case] feature of its object. has [], [un*] (EPP), [uφ:], [ has [], [uinfl:], [u*], and, if assigns a θ-role, it has [un*] and [. Double-object constructions We e by now coered the sentence 1) Pat gae books to Chris. Pat, books, and Chris are all noun phrases, they all need case. Pat gets (nom) case from. books gets (acc) case from. Chris gets (acc) case from P (to). What about Pat gae Chris books? he hae kind of gie must hae an [ feature.

7 Aderbs Before today, we d always drawn adjuncts as adjoined to P. his explains why sloppily can be either to the left or to the right of P: 1) Pat sloppily ate lunch. 2) Pat ate lunch sloppily. 3) Pat has sloppily eaten lunch. 4) Pat has eaten lunch sloppily. Sloppily also seems to be able to adjoin to PerfP or ProgP, at least marginally. 5)?Pat might sloppily hae eaten lunch. 6)?Pat should sloppily be eating lunch. But it can t be between a subject and : 7) *Pat sloppily might eat lunch. Manner s. propositional aderbs sloppily, slowly, quickly all describe the manner in which an action takes place. hese are manner aderbs. hey adjoin to P. here are other kinds of aderbs as well, howeer. One such kind are propositional aderbs: perhaps, fortunately, interestingly. hese express a kind of attitude on the part of the speaker toward the content of the sentence. Propositional & temporal aderbs Propositional aderbs seem to adjoin to P. 1) Fortunately, Pat ate lunch. 2) Pat ate lunch, fortunately. 3)?Pat fortunately ate lunch. 4)?Pat might hae fortunately eaten lunch. emporal aderbs also seem to adjoin high. 5) oday Pat ate lunch. 6) Pat ate lunch today. 7) *Pat today ate lunch. Aderb positions Generally speaking, where an aderb attaches depends on its meaning. P for manner aderbs, P for temporal aderbs, Notice that we predict this now: 1) Yesterday [Pat completely [finished lunch]]. 2) Yesterday [Pat [finished lunch] completely]. 3) Pat [[finished lunch] completely] yesterday. 4) Pat [completely [finished lunch]] yesterday. 5) *Pat [[finished lunch] yesterday completely. Later, perhaps, we ll consider additional complexity in aderb placement. Passies he passie construction is one where: he original subject disappears (or becomes a by-phrase) he original object becomes the subject. he erb appears as be+passie participle. he passie participle in English sounds just like the perfectie participle. Pat took pretzels. actie Pretzels were taken (by Pat). passie Passies Pat stole books. Books were stolen (by Pat). In both cases, books is getting the heme/patient θ-role. By UAH, it must be originally Merged as daughter of, in both the actie and the passie. In fact, the passie is a lot like the unaccusatie. An underlying object becomes the subject.

8 Passies All we need is the passie auxiliary Pass. be [Pass, uinfl:] selects a unaccusatie. By selecting for unaccusatie, the passie auxiliary remoes an Agent. Not allowed for intransities, an open mystery. *It was danced (by Pat) he passie auxiliary works like other auxiliaries: Pass can alue a lower [uinfl:] feature, if Pass own [uinfl:] feature is alued by a [tense] feature, it is strong. Lunch was not eaten. Pass is the last auxiliary in the HoP: Lunch may not hae been being eaten. > (Neg) > (M) > (Perf) > (Prog) > (Pass) > > For, we Merge eat and lunch to build the, then Merge an unaccusatie P [, u*, uinfl:] eat [N, lunch :3sg, case] he moes up to adjoin to to check the [u*] feature of. he Pass auxiliary is Merged (HoP). [Pass] matches, alues, checks [uinfl:] on. is Merged (HoP). [ on matches, alues, checks [case] on lunch. [φ:3sg] on lunch matches, alues, checks [uφ:] on. [past] on matches, alues [uinfl:] on Pass. is Merged (HoP). [ on matches, alues, checks [case] on lunch. [φ:3sg] on lunch matches, alues, checks [uφ:] on. [past] on matches, alues [uinfl:] on Pass. is Merged (HoP). [ on matches, alues, checks [case] on lunch. [φ:3sg] on lunch matches, alues, checks [uφ:] on. [past] on matches, alues [uinfl:] on Pass.

9 Pass moes to (checks [uinfl:past*] on Pass). Lunch moes to SpecP (checks [un*] on ). Ditransitie passies Consider again Pat gae Chris books. Chris was gien books. *Books were gien Chris. Pat gae books to Chris. Books were gien to Chris. *Chris was gien books to. Where does the by-phrase attach? Aderb tests can gie us a hint he sandwich was eaten by Pat today at noon he sandwich was eaten by Pat at noon today he sandwich was eaten today _ by Pat _ at noon he sandwich was eaten at noon _ by Pat _ today he dishes were washed by Pat _ poorly _ yesterday he dishes were washed poorly by Pat yesterday he sandwich was eaten by Pat _ sloppily _ at noon he sandwich was eaten sloppily by Pat at noon Conclusion?