behavior of objects, 429 of variables, defining, 494

Transcription

1 Index SYMBOLS (infix operator), 86, 404! (not operator), 150 " (double quotes), "*" variable, 344 # sign, 35 $#arrayname variable, 81 $AUTOLOAD function, $ (dollar sign), 47 $p reference, 350 $& scalar variable, 215 $_scalar variable, 80, 203 $_special scalar variable, 184 $! variable, 286 $$ variable, 727 $= variable, 771 $@ variable, 757 $x scalar, 403 %ENV hash, %INC hash, 131 % (modulus operator), 153 %SIG hash, & (ampersand), 326 ' ' (single quotes), 47, 74 ( ) (parentheses), 263 * (asterisk), 251, 402 ** (exponentiation operator), 153 * (multiplication operator), (addition operator), (subtraction operator), (range operator), 82, 161. (dot metacharacter), 235, 238 / (division operator), 153 :: syntax, :standard functions, 561 ; (semicolon), 414, 866 < (less than operator), 144 <= (less than or equal to operator), 144 = (assignment operator), 71, = (equal sign), 474 = operator, 877 > (greater than operator), 144 >= (greater than or equal to operator), 144 > operator, 879?!pattern, 273?<!pattern, 273?<=pattern, 273? placeholder, 659? (question mark), 330, array, 380, array, 371 array, 388 methods, calling, 460 sign, 47, variable, 778 [] (square brackets), 240 anonymous arrays,

2 940 Index \ (backslash), 47, 235, 348 hard references, system call issues, 687 \n (newline) character, 239 ^ (caret), 235 {} (curly braces), anonymous hashes, 407 (or operator), 150 (pipe symbol), 303, 307 ~&& (and operator), 149 ~ (tilde), 779 A abs function, 815 abs2rel function, 688 accept function, 798, 815 accessing. See also opening DBM files, directories, elements, 82 84, 89 files, modifying, log files, symbol tables, 365 system files, 291 access methods, 431 ACTION attribute, 552 ActivePerl, 11, 391 ActiveState mod_perl, installing, 929 system calls, 686 adding columns, 637 entries, extensions, 395 multiple classes, 471 primary keys, 638 tables, whitespace, 216 addition operator (+), 153 addresses bless function, hard references, 401. See also hard references networking, sockets, 796 URLs, $x scalar, 403 -A $file, 320 AF_INET family, AF_UNIX family, aggregate functions, 902. See also SQL functions alarm function, , 815 aliases, 401, creating, 344 private, references, passing, 345 selective aliasing, ALTER command, 899 altering. See also modifying metacharacters, 263 tables, alternative characters, 237 alternative quotes, 17, ALTER TABLE command, 637 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 610 ampersand (&), 326 anchors, metacharacters, 236, and operator (&&), 149 AND operator (SQL), anonymous arrays, , 408 anonymous hashes, 92, 407, 410, 428 anonymous subroutines, , anonymous variables, 428 references, ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 610 AnyDBM_FILE, 505 Apache. See also servers access logs, 518 client/server databases, 604 mod_perl installing, overview of, appending files, opening for, Applications folder (MySQL), 615 architecture, client/server databases, 604 ARCHIVE attribute, 690

3 Index 941 arguments command-line, passing at, 27 named, 564 passing, pointers as, positional, 565 subroutines, ARGV array, arithmetic functions, arithmetic operators, arrays, , anonymous, , 408 ARGV, assignment, associative, 87, context and subroutines, 342 elements, accessing, functions, See also hash functions chomp, 100 chop, 100 delete, 101 exists, 101 grep, 102 join, map, pack, pop, 107 push, 108 reverse, shift, sort, splice, split, unpack, unshift, 117 hashes, input, assigning to, multidimensional, 86 87, slices, tying, variables, 80 87, wantarray function, ascending order, 121 assertions, look around, assignment arrays, 80 82, hash variables, input to scalar variables, 94 scalar variables, assignment operator (=), 71, assignment statements, associating files, 32 associative arrays, 87 functions, 116. See also hash functions tie function, associativity operators, asterisk (*), 251, 402 atan2 function, 815 attributes, 423, 434 ACTION, 552 files, PrintError, 655 RaiseError, 655 autodecrement operators, autoincrement operators, AUTOLOAD function, , 460 AUTOLOAD subroutine, $AUTOLOAD variable, 354 automating error handling, 655 installation of Perl modules, 391 awk programming language, 383 B backquotes, backslash (\), 47, 235, 348 hard references, system call issues, 687 Bare word error, 45 base classes, 465 base modules, tying scalars, 495 bases (DNA), 916 BEGIN subroutines, 357

4 942 Index behavior of objects, 429 of variables, defining, 494 BETWEEN statement, 883 -B $file, 320 -b $file, 320 BIGINT data type, 624 binary files (Win32), bind function, 797, 816 binding. See also tying columns, dynamic, parameters, bind_param() method, binmode function, 292, 816 bioinformatics, 915 bioperl, bitwise logical operators, black box, 325 bless function, , 816 BLOB data type, 624 blocks, continue, labeled without loops, local function, Boolean data types, 143 bracketed character class, 246 BREAK key, 760 browsers, 513, 522. See also interfaces Query Browser (MySQL), , 865 bsd-db (Berkeley DB) implementation, 505 bug reports, mod_perl, built-in functions, 36, 325. See also functions Bunce, T., 505 buttons, radio, bytes, returning current positions, 299 C caches, queries, call-by-reference, , typeglobs, call-by-value, caller function, 816 calling methods, processes, 721 subroutines, , 338 system calls. See system calls unnamed methods, 355 can() method, 462 canonpath function, 688 capturing metacharacters, caret (^), 235 carpout function, Carp.pm module, 755 case sensitivity, 45 databases, 612 i modifiers, 215, 222 SQL, case_tolerant function, 688 catching errors, signals, catdir function, 688 categories, Perl, 10 catfile function, 688 catpath function, 688 c (complement) option, C $file, 320 -c $file, 320 CGI (Common Gateway Interface), CGI.pm module, clients and servers, , encoded query strings, environment variables, forms, , GET method, HTML, overview of, MySQL entries, POST method, scripts, communication, here documents, static and dynamic Web pages, Web pages, creating with HTML, CGI.pm module, advantages of, 560 error handling, forms, elements,

5 Index 943 generating input fields, HTML form methods, HTTP header methods, overview of, print function, programming styles, characters asterisk (*), 402 c (complement) option, classes, bracketed, 246 POSIX, d (delete) option, funny, 70, 131, hex-encoded, metacharacters. See metacharacters newline (\n), 239 s (squeeze) option, 276, 280 storage, viewing, 297 tr function, Unicode, CHAR(x) data type, 624 chdir function, 697 check boxes, checkbox() method, 583 CHECKBOX type, 536 Checking.pm module, 683 child processes, 721 Chinese, 281 chmod function, , 816 chomp function, 95 96, 100, 816 chop function, 95 96, 100, 817 chown function, 704, 817 chr function, 817 Christianson, Tom, 424, 453 chroot function, 817 C language, adding extensions, 395 classes, 423, 425 characters, bracketed, 246 POSIX, Unicode, 281 creating, 28 derived, Exporter.pm module, hierarchies of, 460 House, instantiating, 28 methods, , DBI, overview of, UNIVERSAL, 460 variables, tying to, clauses FROM, 629 GROUP BY, 903 JOIN, 634 ORDER BY, 884 WHERE, WHERE, 876 clearing fields, 593 CLEAR method, 500 clients, , 785 databases, MySQL, 615 programs, requests, waiting for, 798 closedir function, 699, 817 close function, 817 closing databases, 506 filehandles, 286 pipes, 286 closures and objects, overview, clustering metacharacters, columns adding, 637 binding, databases, dropping, 637 selecting, , command-line arguments, passing, 27, forms, testing, man pages, MySQL, 614 switches, 2, 39 43, c, e, 40 -n, 40 42

6 944 Index commands ALTER TABLE, 637 CREATE DATABASE, debugger, find, 692 GRANT, 619 MySQL, 611, od, 297 peridoc, 10, 382 pod, SELECT, 629 SQL, , ALTER, 899 DESCRIBE, EXTRACT, 909 INSERT, LIMIT, SELECT, SHOW, show databases, UPDATE, USE, 869 start, substitutions, comments, 14, 35 regular expressions, 216 commit() method, common gateway interface. See CGI communication between CGI scripts and servers, comparing operands, compiling use function, complex data structures, components of relational databases, composite character classes, 282 compound statements, Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. See CPAN COMPRESSED attribute, 690 conditional constructs, conditional modifiers, if, conditional operators, 19, 20, conditions, 201 LIKE, 881 NOT LIKE, 881 connect function, , 817 connecting databases, MySQL, sockets, TCP/IP, 516 connection-oriented sockets on remote machines, on same machines, connect() method, 648 consoles, mysql, 864 constants, 16 print function, constructors, 425, parameters, passing, constructs, conditional, if, if/else, if/elseif/else, quotes, unless, CONTENT_LENGTH environment variable, 552 context hashes, subroutines, continue blocks, control loops, structures, conventions, naming SQL, 867 variables, converting strings to numbers, 138 cookies, headers, 529 copying values, Copy.pm module, 686 cos function, 817 CPAN, 5 DBI, modules from, MySQL, 678 overview of, 9 Cpan.pm module,

7 Index 945 CREATE DATABASE command, CREATE TABLE statement, 623 croak function, 386 cross joins, 896 crypt function, 817 -c switch, 42 43, 530 curdir function, 688 curly braces ({}), anonymous hashes, 407 current byte positions, returning, 299 D database driver module (DBD), 639 databases case sensitivity, 612 closing, 506 columns, connecting, creating, , , DBM. See DBM disconnecting, dropping, , 638, 901 fields, indexes, 609 keywords, 611 MySQL, 603. See also MySQL naming conventions, 611 northwind, 680 opening, 506 primary keys, 609 records, reserved words, result-sets, rows, 608, 609 schemas, 609 searching, selecting, 623 servers, 606 SQL. See SQL tables, 607 tie function, Data Definition Language. See DDL data encapsulation, 425, 428 DATA filehandles, datagram sockets, 795 Data Manipulation Language. See DML data types, 14 Boolean, 143 mixing, MySQL, SQL, DATE: YYYY-MM-DD data type, 624 Date and Time functions, dates, formatting, 907 DATETIME data type, 624 DBD (database driver module), 639 DBI (Database Independent Interface), MySQL entries, dbmclose function, 506, 818 DBM (Database Management) files, accessing, deleting entries from, retrieving data from, modules, 493 dbmopen function, 506, 818 d (delete) option, DDL (Data Definition Language), databases, creating, keys, creating, relations, tables altering, dropping, 901 tables, creating, debuggers, debugging, DECIMAL data type, 624 declarations, 326 prototypes, 338 decoding query strings, 545 default messages, modifying, defaults() method, 593 defined function, 79, 818 defining methods, 431 predefined methods, 494 report templates, subroutines, delete function, 101, , 510, 818

8 946 Index DELETE key, 760 DELETE method, 500 DELETE statement, deleting directories, 696 entries, entries from DBM files, rows, delimiters, modifying substitutions, 219 de-referencing. See also references pointers, , derived classes, Descartes, A., 505 descendants, 721 DESCRIBE command, DESTROY method, 451, 494 destructors, 425, devnull function, 688 -d $file, 319 diagnostics, 29 MySQL errors, diagnostics pragma, die function, , , 818 digits, metacharacters, 236 directories accessing, creating, deleting, 696 files. See files htdocs, 537 h2xs tool, 395 array, 371 modifying, 697 Perl, 6 searching, system calls and files, systems and file attributes, UNIX, 698 DIRECTORY attribute, 690 disconnecting databases, disconnect() method, 650 distribution, CPAN, 5 division operator (/), 153 DML (Data Manipulation Language), SELECT command, DNA, overview of, documentation AnyDBM_FILE, 505 HTML, 11 man pages, mod_perl, MySQL, 614, peridoc command, 10, 382 public user interfaces, scalars, tying, 495 Win32::GetLastError, 756 documents here documents, 63 66, 563, , HTML. See HTML; Web pages do function, 818 do keyword, 326 dollar sign ($), 47 domains Internet, 795 sockets, UNIX, 795 dot metacharacter (.), 235, 238 DOUBLE data type, 624 double quotes ("), do/until loops, 181 do/while loops, 181 downloading mod_perl, drop-down menus, 591 dropping columns, 637 databases, , 638 tables, 638, 901 dump function, 819 dynamic binding, dynamic report writing, dynamic Web pages, E each function, , 819 editing files, keys in MySQL, 615 -e $file, 319 elements accessing, 82 84, 89 forms, CGI.pm module,

9 Index 947 TITLE, 522 , CGI and, e modifiers, 223 encapsulation, 425, 428 encoded QUERY_STRING environment variable, end-of-file (EOF) marker, 285 END subroutines, 357 entering the debugger, entries adding, deleting, MySQL, system calls. See system calls updating, ENUM data type, 624 environments, processes, environment variables, 373. See also variables CGI, CONTENT_LENGTH, 552 QUERY_STRING, EOF (end-of-file) marker, 285 eof function, , 819 equality operators, equal sign (=), 474 errno variable, 685 errors. See also debugging Bare word, 45 catching, CGI.pm module, handling, 755 Internal Server Error message, 562 logs, 526, MySQL, scripts, standard, HTML, 526 subroutines, 326 system, 287 escape sequences, 49 -e switch, 40 Ethernet layer, 786 addresses, 787 eval function, , 819 evaluating expressions, 137, 223, operators, 18. See also precedence exec function, , 819 executing scripts, 36 statements SQL, subroutines, 327 exercises, SQL, exists function, 101, , 819 EXISTS method, 500 exit function, , 819 exiting the debugger, exp function, 819 exponentiation operator (**), 153 Exporter.pm module, exporting modules, expressions evaluating, 137, 223, regular, 26. See also regular expressions extensions, creating, 395 EXTRACT command, 909 F fatalstobrowser function, fcntl function, 820 fetching modules, 391 results, values, 657 FETCH method, 494 fetchrow_hashref() method, 653 -f $file, 319 fields clearing, 593 databases, input, generating, reports filling, multiline, symbols designator, 768 display, 768 text, width of, 60 filehandles, ARGV, 310 closing, 286

10 948 Index filehandles (Continued) DATA, directories, accessing, naming, 285 null, ARGV and, printing, 45 processes, reading from, 288 references, , reports, modifying, select function, user-defined, filename expansion, file_name_is_absolute function, 688 fileno function, 820 file protocol, 519, 521 files, 24 associating, 32 attributes, DBM, accessing, deleting entries from, retrieving data from, directories, system calls, editing, filehandles. See filehandles hashes, loading from, initialization, setting PERL5LIB variables, locking, logs accessing, errors, low-level I/O, modifying, opening, 285 for appending, for reading, for writing, output of filters, sending to, pl, , 388.pm, , 384, 426 pod, reading from, 40 renaming, Script File, 14 searching, seek function, source creating, 522 viewing, 513 statistics, storage, 297 system, 285, 291 tell function, testing, eof function, UNIX, Win32 binary, Windows, File::Spec module, FILE type, 536 filling fields, out forms, 543 filters, 302. See also pipes input, output, find command, 692 Finder (MySQL), 615 Find::File module, find() method, 692 FIRSTKEY method, 500 flags, modifiers, 60 FLOAT data type, 624 flock function, , 820 foreach loops, foreach modifiers, 210 foreign keys, creating, 895 fork function, , 820 for loops, format function, 820 format keyword, 773 format specifiers, formatting databases, date and time, 907 keys, tables, top-of-the-page,

11 Index 949 formline function, 820 forms CGI and, CGI.pm module, elements, generating input fields, command-line, testing, filling out, 543 GET method, HTML methods, input, processing, viewing, 538 forward reference, 328 free form language, 14 FROM clause, 629 FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 519 full joins, 896 function-oriented style, CGI scripts, functions, 23, , abs, 815 accept, 798, 815 alarm, , 815 arithmetic, arrays, chop, 100 delete, 101 exists, 101 grep, 102 join, map, pack, pop, 107 push, 108 reverse, shift, sort, splice, split, unpack, unshift, 117 atan2, 815 AUTOLOAD, , 460 $AUTOLOAD, bind, 797, 816 binmode, 292, 816 bless, , 816 built-in, 36 caller, 816 carpout, chdir, 697 chmod, , 816 chomp, 95 96, 100, 816 chop, 95 96, 100, 817 chown, 704, 817 chr, 817 chroot, 817 close, 817 closedir, 817 connect, , 817 cos, 817 croak, 386 crypt, 817 dbmclose, 506, 818 dbmopen, 506, 818 defined, 79, 818 delete, 510, 818 die, , , 818 do, 818 documentation, searching, 11 dump, 819 each, 819 eof, , 819 eval, , 819 exec, , 819 exists, 819 exit, , 819 exp, 819 fatalstobrowser, fcntl, 820 fileno, 820 File::Spec module, flock, , 820 fork, , 820 format, 820 formline, 820 geipwuid, 823 getc, 97 98, 820 getgrent, 821 getgrgid, 821

12 950 Index functions (Continued) getgrnam, 821 getgrp, 822 gethostbyaddr, , 821 gethostbyname, , 821 gethostent, , 821 getlogin, 726, 821 getnetbyaddr, 821 getnetbyname, 822 getnetent, 822 getpeername, 822 getppid, 727, 822 getpriority, , 822 getprotobyname, 789, 822 getprotobynumber, , 823 getprotoent, , 823 getpwent, , 823 getpwnam, , 823 getpwuid, 734 getservant, getservbyname, 791, 823 getservbyport, , 824 getservent, 824 getsockname, 824 glob, , 824 gmtime, , 824 goto, 824 grep, 825 hash, delete, each, exists, keys, 118 values, 119 hex, 825 host information, import, 825 index, 825 int, 825 ioctl, 825 join, 825 keys, 825 kill, , 825 last, 826 lc, 826 lcfirst, 826 length, 826 link, , 826 listen, 797, 826 local, , , 826 localtime, 36, , 826 lock, 826 log, 827 lstat, , 827 m, 827 map, 827 mkdir, 827 msgctl, 827 msgget, 828 msgrev, 828 msgsnd, 828 my, 828 MySQL strings, 905 new, 828 next, 828 no, 828 not, 828 oct, 829 open, 285, 829 opendir, 698, 829 ord, 829 our, 829 pack, 830 package, 830 perldoc, 686 pgrp, 727 pipe, 830 pop, 830 pos, 831 print, 36, 46 58, 342, 831 CGI.pm module, diagnostics pragma, literals, quotes, strict pragma, 58 -w switch, print(), 325 printf, 59 66, 831 flag modifiers, 60

13 Index 951 format specifiers, here documents, sprintf function, 62 protocols, prototype, 831 push, 831 q, 831 qq, 831 quotemeta, 831 qw, 831 qx, 831 rand, 166, 832 rand(), 325 read, 96 97, 552, , 832 readdir, , 832 readline, 832 readlink, , 832 readpipe, 832 recv, 832 redo, 832 ref, , 833 rename, , 833 require, 374, 833 reset, 833 return, 326, 340, 833 reverse, 833 rewinddir, 833 rindex, 833 rmdir, 696, 833 s, 834 scalar, 834 seek, , , 834 seekdir, , 834 select, , 834 report templates, semctl, 834 semget, 834 semop, 835 send, 835 servers, set_message, 594 setpgrp, 835 setpriority, 729, 835 setsockopt, 835 shift, 835 shmctl, 835 shmget, 835 shmread, 836 shmwrite, 836 sin, 836 sleep, 763, 836 socket, 836 socketpair, 836 sort, 837 special string, splice, 837 split, 837 sprintf, 837 SQL, Date and Time, numeric, strings, 905 sqrt, 837 srand, 166, 837 :standard, 561 stat, , 838 study, 838 sub, 838 subs, 358 substr, 839 symlink, , 839 syscall, 686, , 839 sysopen, 839 sysread, 713, 839 sysseek, 839 system, , 840 syswrite, 713, 840 tell, , , 840 telldir, 700, 840 tie, , 841 tied, 841 time, 735, 842 times, 735, 842 tr, , 842 truncate, 842 uc, 842 ucfirst, 842 umask, 842 undef, 80, 510, 842 unlink, , 843

14 952 Index functions (Continued) unmask, unpack, 843 unshift, 843 untie, 506, 843 use, , 843 utime, , 843 values, 843 vec, 844 wait, , 844 waitpid, , 844 wantarray, , 844 warn, 757, 844 write, 771, 844 y, funny characters, 70, 131, asterisk (*), 402 G garbage collection, gdbm (GNU DBM) implementation, 505 geipwuid function, 823 generating input, random numbers, 165 ge operator, 145 GetAttributes() function, 690 getc function, 97 98, 820 getgrent function, 821 getgrgid function, 821 getgrnam function, 821 getgrp function, 822 gethostbyaddr function, , 821 gethostbyname function, , 821 gethostent function, , 821 getlogin function, 726, 821 GET method, getnetbyaddr function, 821 getnetbyname function, 822 getnetent function, 822 getpeername function, 822 getppid function, 727, 822 getpriority function, , 822 getprotobyname function, 789, 822 getprotobynumber function, , 823 getprotoent function, , 823 getpwent function, , 823 getpwnam function, , 823 getpwuid function, 734 getservant function, getservbyname function, 791, 823 getservbyport function, , 824 getservent function, 824 getsockname function, 824 getters, 425, 433 -g $file, 320 gid, 723 global change, 217 global substitutions, 220 global variables, preventing use of, globbing, glob function, , 824 g modifiers, 214, 220 gmtime function, , 824 Goldberg, Ian, 165 goto function, 824 GRANT command, 619 graphical user interfaces. See GUIs greater than operator (>), 144 greater than or equal to operator (>=), 144 greediness of metacharacters, grep function, 102, 825 GROUP BY clause, 903 grouping metacharacters, gt operator, 145 GUIs (graphical user interfaces), 394. See also interfaces MySQL tools, PPM, H handles, statements, handling errors, 755. See also errors hard links, hard references, pointers, symbolic references, comparing to, hashes, 15, %, 70 anonymous, 407, 410, 428

15 Index 953 arrays, 92 93, context, %ENV, files, loading from, hashes of hashes, 91 92, %INC, 131 input, assigning to, 99 %SIG, sorting, special, tying, hash functions, delete, each, exists, keys, 118 values, 119 headers, HTTP, , help, mod_perl, 928 here documents, 63 66, 563, eval function and, hex-encoded characters, hex function, 825 HIDDEN attribute, 690 HIDDEN type, 536 hierarchies of classes, 460 hl() method, 565 host information functions, hostnames, 520 House class, h2ph script, htdocs directory, 537 HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) documentation, 11 forms, methods, links to CGI scripts, overview, pod documentation, translating, 479 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) headers, , servers, status codes, h2xs tool, hyperlinks, 534. See also links Hypertext Markup Language. See HTML I icons, PPM windows, 394 IDEs (Integrated Development Environments), 34 if constructs, if/else constructs, if/elseif/else constructs, if modifiers, if statements, 172 IMAGE type, 537 i modifiers, 215, 222 implementation of DBM, 505 import function, 825 importing modules, use function, indexes, databases, 609 index function, 825 infix operator ( ), 86, 404 inheritance, 424, 425, multiple, 465, 471 single, 465 initialization files, inner joins, 896 input arrays, assigning to, fields, generating, filters, forms, hashes, assigning to, 99 pipes, 526 POST method, input to scalar variables, assigning, 94 INSERT command, installing DBI, mod_perl, modules, 391 MySQL, instances methods, , passing parameters to, variables, 465 instantiating classes, 28 INT data type, 624

16 954 Index Integrated Development Environments. See IDEs interfaces CGI, See also CGI DBI, error handling, operating systems, PPM, public user, signals, system calls, Internal Server Error message, 562 Internet clients and servers, domains, 795 Internet Explorer, 522 Internet Protocol (IP), 786 addresses, 787 interpreted language, overview of, 2 interpreters, 2 pod files, 474, 477 searching, 32 int function, 825 invoking methods, 432 subroutines, 326 ioctl function, 825 isa() method, 462 ISS client/server databases, 604 -i switch, J Japanese, 281 join function, , 688, 825 joining tables, joins, 896 K kernels system calls. See system calls UNIX, 689 Enter key, 247 Tab key, 247 keys, 87 Tab, 247 Enter, 247 creating, hashes, sorting, MySQL, editing, 615 primary adding, 638 databases, 609 tables, adding, signals, 760 keys function, 118, 825 keywords databases, 611 do, 326 format, 773 private, 429 protected, 429 public, 429 require, 326 sub, 327, 357, 414 use, 326 -k $file, 320 kill function, , 825 L labels, 45, loop control, nested loops and, languages awk, 383 C, adding extensions, 395 DDL. See DDL DML. See DML Perl. See Perl SQL, 604. See also SQL Unicode characters, 281 last function, 826 last statements, 192 layers, Ethernet, 786 lcfirst function, 826 lc function, 826 left joins, 896 length function, 826 le operator, 145

17 Index 955 less than operator (<), 144 less than or equal to operator (<=), 144 lexical variables, 453 -l $file, 320 libraries, 29, modules, OOP, Perl 5 module, pod files, LIKE condition, 881 LIMIT command, linebreaks, link function, , 826 links, 513 CGI scripts, hard and soft, Linux. See UNIX ActivePerl, 391 database servers, 606 PPM, 644 listen function, 797, 826 lists chop and chomp functions, 100 CPAN, 390. See also CPAN of lists, mailing, mod_perl, 928 multidimensional arrays, null parameter, 328 of values, hash of hashes, 414 literals, 16 print function, printing, loading hashes from files, local function, , , 826 localtime function, 36, , 826 Location headers, 529 Locator Box, searching, 520 lock function, 826 locking files, log function, 827 logical operators, logical word operators, logs errors, 526 files accessing, errors, LONGBLOB data type, 624 LONGTEXT data type, 624 look around assertions, loops, for, control, DATA filehandles, do/until, 181 do/while, 181 foreach, modifiers, nested and labels, repetition with, until, while, low-level file I/O, lstat function, , 827 lt operator, 145 M Mac OS ActivePerl, 391 files, reading, scripts, startup, 32 mailing lists, mod_perl, 928 mailto protocol, 519 main package, 70, 424 managing DBM. See DBM PPM, 391, RDBMS. See RDBMS man pages, manual error handling, map function, , , 827 markers, EOF, 285 matching global matches, 214 metacharacters, modifiers, 210 patterns, See pattern matching MEDIUMBLOB data type, 624

18 956 Index MEDIUM INT data type, 624 MEDIUMTEXT data type, 624 menus drop-down, 591 pop-up, , messages, See also metacharacters, 26, alternation, 263 anchors, capturing, greediness of, grouping, look around assertions, pattern matches, repeating, single characters, 236, tr function, whitespace, y function, metasymbols, 240 methods, 379, 423, 425, bind_param(), calling, can(), 462 CGI.pm module, checkbox(), 583 classes, , CLEAR, 500 commit(), connect(), 648 defaults(), 593 DELETE, 500 DESTROY, 451, 494 disconnect(), 650 EXISTS, 500 FETCH, 494 fetchrow_hashref(), 653 find(), 692 FIRSTKEY, 500 GET, hl(), 565 HTML forms, HTTP headers, instances, , invoking, 432 isa(), 462 new, 495 NEXTKEY, 500 param, 572 parent, overriding, POP, 497 popup_menu(), , POST, 544, predefined, 494 PUSH, 497 radio_group(), reset(), 592 rollback(), start_form, 572 start_html, 572 STORE, 494 submit, 572 submit(), 592 textfield(), types of, UNIVERSAL, unnamed, calling, 355 VERSION(), 462 -M $file, 320 m function, 827 MIME (multipurpose Internet extension) types, 529 miscellaneous characters, 237 mixing data types, mkdir function, 827 m modifiers, 261 modifiers e, 223 flags, 60 foreach, 210 g, 214, 220 i, 215, 222 if, loops, m, 261 matching, 210 regular expressions, s, 239 substitution,

19 Index 957 tr, 277 unless, 207 until, 209 while, 209 x, default messages, directories, 697 filehandles, reports, files, substitution delimiters, 219 tables, 637, mod_perl installing, overview of, web sites, modules, 29, , See also packages base, tying scalars, 495 Carp.pm, 755 CGI.pm, Checking.pm, 683 Copy.pm, 686 from CPAN, Cpan.pm, creating, DBM, 493 Exporter.pm, exporting and importing, File::Spec, Find::File, object-oriented, OOP, , Perl, 9 Perl 5, standard Perl library, pm files, pragmas. See pragmas Shell.pm, Socket.pm, SomeModule.pm, 381 standard Perl library, Switch.pm, 199 use function, Win32:Process, Win32:Spawn, modulus operator (%), 153 monitoring public/private borders, 427 m operator, msgctl function, 827 msgget function, 828 msgrev function, 828 msgsnd function, 828 multidimensional arrays, lists of lists, multiline fields, reports, multiple files, passing, 317 multiple inheritance, 465, 471 multiple placeholders, multiplication operator (*), 153 multipurpose Internet extension types. See MIME types my function, 828 my operator, , MySQL clients, 615 client/server databases, commands, 611, communication, connecting, CPAN, 678 data types, DBI, documentation, entries, errors, GUI tools, installing, keys, editing, 615 overview of, 603, 613 passwords, setting, phpmyadmin tool, 618 privilege system, Query Browser, , 865 quotes, relational databases, searching, statements, ,

20 958 Index MySQL (Continued) string functions, 905 transactions, mysql console, 864 mysqld process, 606 mysql service, 606 N named arguments, 564 named parameters, namespaces, 70, 423 packages. See packages symbols, exporting and importing, 379 naming aliases, creating, 344 conventions databases, 611 SQL, 867 filehandles, 285 files, hostnames, 520 scripts, 34 subroutines, 374 variables, 70 71, 401 ndbm (new DBM) implementation, 505 nested data structures, nested loops and labels, Netscape browsers, 522 networking, 785 addresses, client/server models, 785 client/server programs, protocols, Socket.pm module, sockets, new function, 828 newline (\n) character, 239 new method, 495 news protocol, 519 next function, 828 NEXTKEY method, 500 next statements, 192 niceness, no function, 828 non-blocking locks, 295 NORMAL attribute, 690 northwind databases, 607, 680 not function, 828 NOT LIKE condition, 881 not operator (!), 150 no_upwards function, 688 -n switch, NTFS, 701 nucleotides, 916 NULL, 877 null filehandles, ARGV and, null parameter lists, 328 numbers, 16 keys, sorting hashes by, metacharacters, 236 port, random, generating, 165 strings, converting, 138 numeric expression, 137 numeric functions, numeric literals, 49 printing, numeric values, relational operators and, 144 O object-oriented programming. See OOP object-oriented style, CGI scripts, objects, 28, 423, 425, closures and, DESTROY method, 451 overview of, state of, 434 obtaining Perl, 6 8 oct function, 829 odbm (old DBM) implementation, 505 od command, 297 OFFLINE attribute, 690 -o $file, 319 OOP (object-oriented programming), inheritance, modules, public user interfaces, standard Perl library, opendir function, 698, 829

21 Index 959 open function, 285, 829 opening databases, 506 files, 285 for appending, for reading, for writing, pipes, operands, 137 comparing, operating systems. See also Linux; UNIX; Windows interfaces, operations database, 493 file locking, reading, writing, operators, 18 =, 877 AND, and (&&), 149 //, 877 addition (+), 153 arithmetic, assignment (=), 71, autodecrement, autoincrement, bitwise logical, conditional, 20, data types, mixing, division (/), 153 equality, exponentiation (**), 153 file test, ge, 145 greater than (>), 144 greater than or equal to (>=), 144 gt, 145 infix ( ), 86, 404 le, 145 less than (<), 144 less than or equal to (<=), 144 logical, logical word, lt, 145 modulus (%), 153 multiplication (*), 153 my, , not (!), 150 OR, or ( ), 150 overloading, 138 overview of, 137 precedence and associativity, range (..), 82, 161 regular expressions, m, pattern binding, s, relational, special string, SQL, 631, 876 subtraction (-), 153 Oppel, Andrew J., 603 ORDER BY clause, 884 ord function, 829 OR operator, or operator ( ), 150 Orwant, J., 453 our function, 829 output CGI scripts, 529 for check boxes, 585 filters, printing, 14 for radio buttons, 588 overloading operators, 138 overriding parent methods, ownership, P package function, 830 packages, , classes. See classes exporting and importing, main, 70, 424 OOP, pl files, PPM, 391

22 960 Index packages (Continued) pwd, 374 standard Perl library, symbol tables, Tie::Scalar, 495 variables, packets, 786 pack function, , 830 packing data, parameters binding, constructors, passing, instance methods, passing to, named, null lists, 328 param method, 572 parent classes, 465 parentheses (), 263 parent methods, overriding, parent process ID, 727 passing arguments, 27, , filehandles by reference, , multiple files, 317 parameters to constructor methods, to instance methods, pointers to subroutines, by reference with aliases, 345 subroutines by reference, values to subroutines, passwords MySQL, setting, processes, UNIX, Windows, PASSWORD type, 537 PATHEXT variable, 33 path function, 688 pattern matching, 203, 234, See also regular expressions binding operators, repeating, saving, 215 subpatterns, creating, 263 peridoc command, 10, 382 Perl directories, 6 documentation. See man pages interpreted language, overview of, 2 obtaining, 6 8 overview of, 1 2 versions, 3 5 perldoc function, 686 PERL5LIB variables, setting, Perl 5 module, standard Perl library, Perl Package Manager. See PPM permissions, 293 file locking, MySQL, 619 system calls, p $file, 320 pgrp function, 727 phpmyadmin tool (MySQL), 618 pid, 721 pipe function, 830 pipes, 25 closing, 286 input, 526 opening, (pipe symbol), 303, 307 reading from, 41 placeholders, 659 multiple, records, inserting, pl files, , 388.pm files, 384, 426 modules and, pod (plain old documentation) commands, files, interpreters, 477 translators, pointers, 27, , 421 as arguments, de-referencing, , hard references, nested data structures, overview of, 401 passing to subroutines,

23 Index 961 polymorphism, 424, 425, pop function, 107, 830 POP method, 497 popup_menu() method, , pop-up menus, port numbers, pos function, 831 positional arguments, 565 POSIX character classes, post-increment operators, 155 POST method, 544, PPM (Perl Package Manager), 391, DBI, installing, mod_perl, installing, 929 Practical Extraction and Report Language. See Perl pragmas, 424, diagnostics, strict, 58 global variables, preventing use of, symbolic references, 403 Unicode, 281 use function, warnings, precedence, operators, predefined methods, 494 predefined variables, 16 pre-increment operators, 155 preventing use of global variables, primary keys adding, 638 creating, databases, 609 tables, adding, PrintError attribute, 655 printf function, 59 66, 831 flag modifiers, 60 format specifiers, here documents, sprintf function, 62 print function, 36, 46 58, 342, 831 CGI.pm module, diagnostics pragma, literals, quotes, strict pragma, 58 -w switch, print() function, 325 printing filehandles, 45 literals, output, 14 strings, 67 without quotes, words, 45 priorities, processes, privacy, classes and, private aliases, private keyword, 429 privilege system (MySQL), processes, 721 calling, 721 child, 721 filehandles, mysqld, 606 niceness, passwords, priorities, signals, sending, time and, UNIX, creating, environments, Windows, 723 creating, environments, process group ID, 727 processing forms, programming CGI.pm module, OOP. See OOP programs CGI, 65, 514. See also CGI; scripts client/server, sendmail, 555 user/driver, 442 properties, 434 Unicode, 281 protected keyword, 429

24 962 Index protocols functions, HTTP, IP, 786 networking, SMTP, TCP, 786 TCP/IP, , UDP, Web, 519 prototype function, 831 prototypes, subroutines, public keyword, 429 public methods, 423 public/private borders, monitoring, 427 public user interfaces, push function, 108, 831 PUSH method, 497 pwd package, 374 Q q construct, 75 q function, 831 qq construct, 75 qq function, 831 queries. See also databases caches, client/server databases, 604 SQL, Query Browser (MySQL), , 865 QUERY_STRING environment variable, 531, question mark (?), 256 queues, creating sockets, 797 Quick Start/Quick Reference, QUIT key, 760 quotemeta function, 831 quotes, 17 MySQL, print function, printing without, SQL, 877 variables, qw construct, 75 qw function, 831 qx construct, 75 qx function, 831 R radio buttons, radio_group() method, RADIO type, 537 RaiseError attribute, 655 rand function, 166, 325, 832 random numbers, generating, 165 range operator (..), 82, 161 RDBMS (relational database management systems), 604 components, readdir function, , 832 read function, 96 97, 552, , 832 reading from filehandles, 288 from files, 40, operations, from pipes, 41 from STDIN, readline function, 832 readlink function, , 832 READONLY attribute, 690 readpipe function, 832 records databases, placeholders, inserting, recv function, 832 redirecting STDOUT, 306 redo function, 832 redo statements, 192 references, 13 29, 27 aliases, passing, 345 anonymous variables, call-by-reference, , filehandles, , forward, 328 hard, comparing to symbolic references, pointers, nested data structures, objects, 428. See also objects

25 Index 963 overview of, 401 $p, 350 subroutines, symbolic, ref function, , 833 regular expressions, 26, 234 comments, 216 metacharacters, alternation, 263 anchors, capturing, greediness of, grouping, look around assertions, pattern matches, repeating, single characters, 236, tr function, whitespace, y function, modifiers, See also modifiers operators, m, pattern binding, s, overview of, 203 statements, Unicode, rel2abs function, 688 relational database management systems (RDBMS), 604 components, relational databases, components of, relational operators, relations, DDL, remembering metacharacters, rename function, , 833 renaming files, repeating characters, 237 pattern matching, repetition with loops, reports, mod_perl bugs, report templates, defining, dynamic report writing, filehandles, modifying, filling fields, multiline fields, select function, top-of-the-page formatting, requests, waiting for clients, 798 require function, 374, 833 require keyword, 326 reserved words, 45 databases, SQL, 867 reset function, 833 reset() method, 592 RESET type, 537 results, sorting, 884 result-sets databases, SQL, 868 retrieving data from DBM files, rows, 608 return function, 326, 340, 833 returning current byte positions, 299 filehandles, 294 values ref function, subroutines, reverse function, , 833 reverse order, sorting hash keys, revisions, rewinddir function, 833 -r $file, 319 Rieken, B., 787 rindex function, 833 rmdir function, 696, 833 rollback() method, rootdir function, 688 root users, 618 Rosenberg, Barry, 72 array, 371 rows databases, 608, 609 deleting,

26 964 Index rules for quotes, runtime binding, 445 errors, 39 require function, loading at, 374 S saving pattern matching, 215 scalar function, 834 scalars, 15 $, 70 $&, 215 $_, 203 $ARGV, arrays, context and subroutines, 342 hard references. See hard references hash variables, 87 input, assigning input to, 94 patterns, saving, 215 tying, variables, $x, 403 schemas, databases, 609 Schwartz, R. L., 427, 797 scope packages, 364 of subroutines, 326 variables, 69 70, 329 Script File, 14 scripts CGI, communication, here documents, errors, executing, 36 h2ph, naming, 34 overview of, setup, startup, subroutines, 326. See also subroutines UNIX, 2 sdbm (standard DBM) implementation, 505 searching CPAN, 9, 390 directories, files, greediness, turning off, 253, interpreters, 32 Locator Box, 520 MySQL, pattern matching, 203. See also regular expressions text editors, 34 seekdir function, , 834 seek function, , , 834 SELECT command, 629 SELECT command (SQL), SELECT DISTINCT statement, select function, , 834 report templates, selecting columns, , databases, 623 entries, MySQL, selective aliasing, SELECT type, 537 semctl function, 834 semget function, 834 semicolons (;), 414 semicolons (;), 866 semop function, 835 send function, 835 sending signals to processes, sendmail program, 555 sequences DNA, 916 escape, 49 examples of, servers, , 785 CGI scripts, communication between, databases, , 606 functions, HTTP, programs, SMTP, services, mysql, 606

27 Index 965 SetAttributes() function, 690 set_message function, 594 setpgrp function, 835 setpriority function, 729, 835 setsockopt function, 835 setters, 425, 433 setting MySQL passwords, PERL5LIB variables, S $file, 320 -s $file, 319 s function, 834 shbang line, 32 Shell.pm module, shift function, , 835 shmctl function, 835 shmget function, 835 shmread function, 836 shmwrite function, 836 short-circuit operators, SHOW commands, show databases command, shutdown, sockets, SIGALARM signal, 762 signals, catching, processes, sending, SIGALARM, 762 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. See SMTP sin function, 836 single characters, metacharacters, 236, single inheritance, 465 single quotes (' '), 47, 74 Slaymaker, Barrie, 453 sleep function, 763, 836 slices arrays, hash variables, SMALLINT data type, 624 s modifiers, 239 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), socket function, 836 socketpair function, 836 Socket.pm module, sockets addresses, 796 client requests, waiting for, 798 connecting, creating, 796 domains, networking, queues, creating, 797 shutdown, types of, 795 soft links, Solaris, ActivePerl, 391 SomeModule.pm module, 381 s operator, sort function, , 837 sorting arrays, hashes, results, 884 tables, source files creating, 522 viewing, 513 special hashes, special literals, 51 printing, special scalars for saving patterns, 215 special string operators, special variables, splice function, , 837 split function, , 837 splitpath function, 688 sprintf function, 62, 837 SQL INSERT statement, 627 SQL (Structured Query Language), 604 case sensitivity, commands, , ALTER, 899 DESCRIBE, EXTRACT, 909 INSERT, LIMIT, SELECT, SHOW, show databases,

28 966 Index SQL (Continued) commands (Continued) UPDATE, USE, 869 databases, data types, DDL. See DDL DML. See DML exercises, functions, Date and Time, numeric, strings, 905 MySQL. See MySQL naming conventions, 867 operators, 631, 876 overview of, 863 queries, quotes, 877 reserved words, 867 result-sets, 868 standardizing, 864 statements BETWEEN, 883 DELETE, executing, SELECT DISTINCT, terminating, 611, 866 tables, sqrt function, 837 square brackets ([]), 240 anonymous arrays, 406 srand function, 166, 837 Srinivasan, S., 433 s (squeeze) option, 276, 280 standard errors, HTML, 526 standardizing SQL, 864 standard Perl library, 370 array, modules, OOP, Perl 5 module, pod files, start command, start_form method, 572 start_html method, 572 startup PERL5LIB variable, setting, scripts, statements, 34 35, 35 36, 424 assignment, compound, CREATE TABLE, 623 handles, if, 172 last, 192 MySQL, next, 192 redo, 192 regular expressions, SQL BETWEEN, 883 DELETE, executing, SELECT DISTINCT, terminating, 611, 866 SQL INSERT, 627 subroutines, 327. See also subroutines switch, unless, 172 usedbi, 647 state of objects, 434 stat function, , 838 static methods, 431, static Web pages, statistics, files, status codes, HTTP, STDERR, 287 error logs, STDIN, STDOUT, 306 Stein, L., 560 Stevens, W. R., 788 STOP key, 760 storage files, 297 STORE method, 494 stream sockets, 795 strict pragma, 58 global variables, preventing use of, symbolic references, 403 strings, 17 literals, 49 51, 53 54