MOBILE SYSTEMS. Benoît ESCRIG - ENSEIRB-MATMECA/IRIT

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1 MOBILE SYSTEMS Benoît ESCRIG - ENSEIRB-MATMECA/IRIT

2 Services in Mobile Systems 2 Mobility Stationaryusers(0 km/h) Lowmobility: pedestrians (5 km/h) High mobility: terminalsin cars (50 km/h) and in trains (up to 250 km/h) Date rates Phone: few kbit/s Real time, lowlatency TV: few Mbit/s Real time, low latency when interactivity Data: few 10 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s Offline, high latency unless download or streaming Seamless connectivity over a wide coverage area Fair access to network resources

3 From 0G to 5G 3 0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G IMTS AMPS D-AMPS 3GPP family 3GPP2 family GSM GPRS, EDGE UMTS HSPA+, LTE LTE Adv. cdmaone 1xRTT 1xEV-DO WiMAX WiMAX Adv ? NA NA 9.6 kbit/s 0.2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s Cellular Digital Data services IEEE family Multimedia All-IP network And MIMO Ultra Broad- Band Mobile

4 From 0G to 5G 4 0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G IMTS AMPS D-AMPS 3GPP family 3GPP2 family GSM GPRS, EDGE UMTS HSPA+, LTE LTE Adv. cdmaone 0G Analog FDD FDM 1xRTT 1xEV-DO WiMAX WiMAX Adv ? NA NA 9.6 kbit/s 0.2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s Cellular Digital Data services IEEE family Multimedia All-IP network And MIMO Ultra Broad- Band Mobile

0G 5 A single access point (AP) Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM)

Service (MTS) in 1946 Improved MTS in 1964 (Bell System) VHF band,

limitednetwork capacity(25 to 32 channels), obsolescence (from1960 to

radiotelephone (1948) Source: http://www.wb6nvh.com/mtsfiles/carphone1.

5 0G 5 A single access point (AP) Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM) Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Analog technology Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) in 1946 Improved MTS in 1964 (Bell System) VHF band, rolledout in the US and Canada Main limitations: interference, limitednetwork capacity(25 to 32 channels), obsolescence (from1960 to 2005) Pictures Top: Motorola "Deluxe" line high band "Urban" radiotelephone (1948) Source: Bottom: IMTS mobile phone in a briefcase (1965) Source:

carrier frequency when cells are far apart from one another Consequence: huge

6 Cellular paradigm (1947) and frequency re-use 6 Coverage area divided into cells Frequency band divided into subbands Ex : 4 (1 sub-band for 1 cell) Re-use of carrier frequency when cells are far apart from one another Consequence: huge increase in the network capacity Interference/capacity trade-off Additional services: handover

7 From 0G to 5G 7 0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G IMTS AMPS D-AMPS 3GPP family 3GPP2 family GSM GPRS, EDGE UMTS HSPA+, LTE LTE Adv. cdmaone 1xRTT 1G 1xEV-DO WiMAX WiMAX Adv ? NA NA 9.6 kbit/s 0.2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s Cellular Digital Data services IEEE family Cellular Networks Multimedia All-IP network And MIMO Ultra Broad- Band Mobile

8 1G 8 Cellular systems(frequency re-use) Handover and roaming FDD/FDM Analog voice transmission but digital signaling Country US Japan Germany and Austria Nordic countries France Year System or standard AMPS TZ-801 C-Netz (C450) 450 (NMT450) Radiocom 2000 UK and Ireland TACS based on AMPS AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephones TACS: Total Access Communication System

Main operators: Verizon Wireless, Bell Mobility, AT&T Mobility Main features: FDD, FDM, analog frequency modulation, 30 khzbandwidth channels Picture

9 1G -AMPS 9 Developed by Bell Labs and rolled out in the US, Israel, and Australia Based on (I)MTS, superseded first by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), and then by GSMand First roll out: 1983 (end-of-life: 2008) Main weakness: cell phone cloning Standard: IS-91 (Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone System) Main operators: Verizon Wireless, Bell Mobility, AT&T Mobility Main features: FDD, FDM, analog frequency modulation, 30 khzbandwidth channels Picture GSM: Global System for Mobile communication Motorola DynaTAC 8000X CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access Source:

proposals: 1G upgrade: D-AMPS FD/TDMA: GSM FD/CDMA: cdmaone

10 From 1G to 2G 10 Data services, Digital systems From circuit-switched networks to packet-switched networks Three proposals: 1G upgrade: D-AMPS FD/TDMA: GSM FD/CDMA: cdmaone GSM Source Coding Time Division Multiplex TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access

11 From 0G to 5G 11 0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G IMTS AMPS D-AMPS 3GPP family 3GPP2 family GSM GPRS, EDGE UMTS HSPA+, LTE LTE Adv. cdmaone 1xRTT 1xEV-DO WiMAX WiMAX Adv ? NA NA 9.6 kbit/s 0.2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s Cellular Digital Data services IEEE family Multimedia 2G Digital standards All-IP network And MIMO Ultra Broad- Band Mobile

2G -GSM 12 Digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony Superseded by GPRS/EDGE Rollout: 80% of the world's population, more than 5 billion people, more than 212

12 2G -GSM 12 Digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony Superseded by GPRS/EDGE Rollout: 80% of the world's population, more than 5 billion people, more than 212 countries and territories Main features: FDD, FD/TDMA, Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), 200 khz-bandwidth channels, 9.6 kbit/s data rate, 5 different cell sizes (from macro to femto+ umbrella cells), 2 watts handsets Viterbiequalizer Picture: Mobile Phones from1g to 4G Source:

Historyof the GSM family 13 1982 Groupe Spécial Mobile committee in CEPT 1987 for a common cellular telephone system across Europe 1989 transfer of the GSM committee to ETSI 1991 first phone call

13 Historyof the GSM family Groupe Spécial Mobile committee in CEPT 1987 for a common cellular telephone system across Europe 1989 transfer of the GSM committee to ETSI 1991 first phone call 1992 short messaging service (SMS) 1993 first roll out in the UK and in Australia 2000 GPRS 2001 UMTS (W-CDMA) 2002 Multimedia messaging service (MMS) 2003 EDGE 2005 HSDPA 2007 HSUPA Picture: GSM Logo Source: 0 Number of GSM subscribers

2G cdmaone 14 Interim Standard 95 (IS-95): first CDMA-based digital cellular standard by Qualcomm Superseded by 1xRTT (IS-2000) DL: Every BS is synchronized with a GPS receiver Main features FDD,

14 2G cdmaone 14 Interim Standard 95 (IS-95): first CDMA-based digital cellular standard by Qualcomm Superseded by 1xRTT (IS-2000) DL: Every BS is synchronized with a GPS receiver Main features FDD, FD/CDMA, QPSK (DL), OQPSK (UL) 1.25 MHz-bandwidth channels, 9.6 kbit/s (14.4 kbit/s in IS-95 A and 115 kbit/s in IS-95 B) 1,228,800 chips per second Walsh Hadamardchannelization code (spreading factor 64) Pseudo-Noise (PN) scrambling code (spreading factor 2 15 ) RAKE Receiver BS: Base Station

2G D-AMPS 15 Digital AMPS, aka IS-54, United States Digital Cellular (USDC) and North America DC (NADC) Mostly rolled out in the US and Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Russia Superseded by GSM/GPRS and

15 2G D-AMPS 15 Digital AMPS, aka IS-54, United States Digital Cellular (USDC) and North America DC (NADC) Mostly rolled out in the US and Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Russia Superseded by GSM/GPRS and (end-of-life in 2008) IS-54 additional features compared to AMPS: π/4 DQPSK FD/TDMA (3 time-slots on each channel) Source coding IS-136 additional features compared to IS-54: text messaging + improved source coding Main operators : AT&T, Rogers Wireless in Canada Picture: π/4 DQPSK trajectory Source:

16 From 0G to 5G 16 0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G IMTS AMPS D-AMPS 3GPP family 3GPP2 family GSM GPRS, EDGE UMTS HSPA+, LTE LTE Adv. cdmaone 1xRTT 1xEV-DO WiMAX WiMAX Adv ? NA NA 9.6 kbit/s 0.2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s Cellular Digital Data services IEEE family Multimedia All-IP network And MIMO 2.5G Increased data Ultra Broad- rates Band Mobile + Data services

17 2.5G 17 Transition systems: updates of 2G systems FromGSM GPRS: General PacketRadio Service EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution Superseded by UMTS Packet switching stds Enhancements for the delivery of data services Increaseddata rates multimedia messaging service (MMS) Picture Source:

2.5G -GPRS 18 GPRS EDGE 3GPP Release97 (1998) GPRS = GSM + MMS Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Higher throughput, lower latency Channel encoding: 4 convolutional coding schemes Round-trip time

18 2.5G -GPRS 18 GPRS EDGE 3GPP Release97 (1998) GPRS = GSM + MMS Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Higher throughput, lower latency Channel encoding: 4 convolutional coding schemes Round-trip time (RTT): ms Multislot classes: DL: first-come first-served packet scheduling UL: reservation ALOHA (R-ALOHA) 3GPP Release98 (1999) First roll out: 2003 EDGE = GSM/GPRS + 8PSK, 9 Modulation and coding scheme (MCS), Incremental Redundancy Up to kbit/s for 8 timeslots Four times as much traffic as GPRS Evolved EDGE (Release 7 of the 3GPP std): Up to 1 Mbit/s and typical bit-rates of 400 kbit/s QAM, Turbo-codes Picture: GPRS PCMCIA card Source:

19 From 0G to 5G 19 0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G IMTS AMPS D-AMPS 3GPP family 3GPP2 family GSM GPRS, EDGE UMTS HSPA+, LTE LTE Adv. cdmaone 1xRTT 1xEV-DO WiMAX WiMAX Adv ? NA NA 9.6 kbit/s 0.2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 3G Multimedia + CDMA Cellular Digital Data services IEEE family Multimedia All-IP network And MIMO Ultra Broad- Band Mobile

3G 20 Mostly CDMA-based 3G systems Additionalservices for 3G systems: Data rates: severalmbit/s -VoIP(Voice over IP) Real-time receptionof data IMT-2000(International Mobile Telephone) project of the

20 3G 20 Mostly CDMA-based 3G systems Additionalservices for 3G systems: Data rates: severalmbit/s -VoIP(Voice over IP) Real-time receptionof data IMT-2000(International Mobile Telephone) project of the ITU IMT-2000 requirements: greater-than-2-mbit/s DL data rate for stationary communications 3GPP (3G Partnership Project) 3GPP 3GPP2 CDMA+RAKE>TDMA+Viterbi Equalizer 3GPP Logo Ref: GSM Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) cdmaone 1xRTT (Radio Transmission Technology)

21 3G -UMTS 21 W-CDMA: wideband code division multiple access Improved by HSPDA since 2006 (3.5G) Peak data rate: 45 Mbit/s with HSPA+ Support of several different frequencies 2002: first roll out in Japan (NTT DoCoMo) UTRA-FDD DS-CDMA (a pair of 5 MHz channels) UTRA-TDD HCR TD-CDMA (a pair of 5 MHz of channels) UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate TD-SCDMA: TDMA channel access method + adaptive synchronous CDMA component on 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum UTRA: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access UMTS Logo Ref:

22 3GPP Releases (fromgsm to UMTS) 22 Release Year Feature Phase GSM Features Phase Phase 1 + Enhanced Full Rate Codec Release Q1 Phase kbit/s User Data Rate Release Q1 Rel.96 + GPRS Release Q1 Rel Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) audio codec, EDGE Release Q1 UMTS Release Q2 Rel.99 + all-ip Core Network

23 3G 23 : core of the 3GPP2 family Based on IS-95 (cdmaone) and superseded by EV- DO (EVolution-Data Optimized) Rel. 0, Rev. A, and Rev. B Backward-compatible with cdmaone 1x (IS-2000): aka 1x and 1xRTT "1x : 1 times RTT, same bandwidth as IS-95 (FDD 2 x 1.25 MHz) 2 x (IS-95 capacity), i.e., channels Packet data speeds of up to 153 kbit/s (typical kbit/s)

24 From 0G to 5G 24 0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G IMTS AMPS D-AMPS 3GPP family 3GPP2 family GSM GPRS, EDGE UMTS HSPA+, LTE LTE Adv. cdmaone 3.5G All-IP Network + MIMO 1xRTT 1xEV-DO WiMAX WiMAX Adv ? NA NA 9.6 kbit/s 0.2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s Cellular Digital Data services IEEE family Multimedia All-IP network And MIMO Ultra Broad- Band Mobile

25 3.5G 25 Enhancedversions of 3G standards thatdo not meetimt 4G requirements IMT-Advanced system comprehensive and secure all-ip based mobile broadband solution laptop computer wireless modems, smartphones ultra-broadbandinternet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia UMTS 3GPP High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) Long Term Evolution (LTE) 3GPP2 1xEV-DO Rel.0 1xEV-DO Rev. A 1xEV-DO Rev. B

26 3.5G 1xEV-DO 26 IP based network DL link channel structure CDMA+TDMA, AMC (Digital Rate Control), IR Hybrid ARQ EV-DO Rev.A: Rel.0 + More DRC indices EV-DO Rev. B: multi-carrier evolution of Rev. A IR: IncrementalRedundancy ARQ: Automatic Repeat request

27 3.5G HSDPA 27 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA): 14 Mbit/s 3GPP Release 5 (2002) Based on UMTS, superseded by Evolved HSPA (aka HSPA+) Features: increased capacity (5 times in the DL) Shared-channel transmission (shared channel and multi-code transmission) Shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI) -reduced round-trip time and fast channel tracking Fast Link adaptation and Fast scheduling, which prioritizes users with the most favorable channel conditions Fast HARQ for increase capacity 16-QAMfor higher bit-rates French roll out in 2006 (SFR 3G+)

28 3.5G HSUPA 28 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA): 5.76 Mbit/s 3GPP Release 6 (2004) Based on UMTS/HSDPA, superseded by HSPA+ Same features as in HSDPA: reduced latency, increased capacity (2 in the UL) First rolls out in 2007 (Singapore, Australia, Canada, France)

29 3.5G HSPA+ 29 Aka Evolved HSPA, HSPA Evolution 3GPP release 7 (2007) Data rates up to 42 Mbit/s in the DL and 11 Mbit/s in the UL (per 5 MHz carrier) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technologies Higher order modulation (64-QAM) All-IP architecture First tests in 2008 (Australia, Hong Kong) First rolls out in 2009 (Australia, Japan, Canada, ) at 21 Mbit/s DL First 42 Mbit/s DL rolls out in 2010 (Australia, France )

30 3.5G Dual-Cell HSDPA and HSUPA 30 Aka Dual-Cell HSPA 3GPP Release 8 (2008) HSPA + carrier aggregation Alternative solution to support 28Mbit/s UL and 42 Mbit/s DL data rate Allocation of 2 HSPA carriers in parallel (by the MAC scheduler) and double the bandwidth from 5 MHz to 10 MHz First rolls out in 2010 in Canada Dual-Cell HSUPA (DC-HSUPA) 3GPP Release 9 (2009) DC approach for the UL and MIMO+DC combination

31 3GPP Releases (fromumts to LTE) 31 Release Year Feature Release Q1 UMTS Release Q2 Rel.99 + all-ip Core Network Release Q1 Rel.4 + HSDPA Release Q4 Rel.5 + Integrated operation with WLAN + HSUPA Release Q4 Rel.6 + (HSPA+) + EDGE Evolution + QoS Release Q4 LTE (SAE) + Dual-Cell HSDPA Picture: Mobile phones from1g to 4G Source:

32 Requirements of the IMT-Advanced 32 All-IP packet switched network Interoperability with existing wireless standards 100 Mbit/s for mobile users and 1 Gbit/s for stationary users Dynamic allocation of network resources Scalable channel bandwidth 5 20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz Peak link spectral efficiencyof 15 bit/s/hz in the DL, and 6.75 bit/s/hz in the UL System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/hz/cell in the DL and 2.25 bit/s/hz/cell in the UL for indoor usage Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks with smooth handovers Ability to offer high quality of service for multimedia support

33 Frequencyselectivityof wirelesschannels 33 W Low selectivity C(f,τ) FDMA CDMA OFDMA f Average selectivity f High selectivity f f f f

34 Technologies for IMT-Advanced 34 MIMO OFDM or single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC- FDE) in the DL OFDMA, Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), or Linearly precoded OFDMA (LP-OFDMA) in the uplink Turbo principle error-correcting codes Channel-dependent scheduling Link adaptation Relaying, including fixed relay networks (FRNs), and the cooperative relaying concept

35 3.5G LTE 35 Proposed by NTT DoCoMo(Japan) 3GPPP Release 8 (2008) Superseded by LTE Advanced Goal: increase the capacity and speed of previous wireless data networks Not compatible with 2G and 3G networks First commercial services: Sweden and Norway in December 2009 Main enhancement: OFDMA channel access 11/2008: Cancellation of the 4G candidacy, UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) by Qualcomm (success of LTE)

36 36 Main features of E-UTRAN air interface, the air interface of LTE All-IP flat network architecture (multi-cast and broadcast streams) Low latency communications (round-trip less than 10 ms) Peak DLrates nearing 300 Mbit/s with a 4x4 scheme using a 20MHz BW channel (>100 Mbit/s) and upload rates of 75 Mbit/s (>50 Mbits/s) Peak 75 Mbit/s for a SISO scheme with a 20 MHz BW channel Capacity exceeding 200 active users per cell Ability to manage fast-moving mobiles (up to 350 km/h) Scalable carrier bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20MHz FDD and TDD Co-existence with legacy standards Cell sizes from femto to macro cells

37 Technologies 37 Downlink OFDM 100 Mbits/s (20MHz spectrum) Uplink SC-FDMA 50 Mbits/s (20MHz spectrum) FDD End-user latency <10mS Transition time to active state < 100mS (for idle to active) Flexible and Scalable Bandwidth (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20MHz) Frequency spectrum choice and flexibility of deployment in GSM, CDMA, UMTS bands (global roaming) Mobility supported up to 500km/h Coverage (Cell sizes) 5 100km with slight degradation after 30km VoIP Roughly 3 times UMTS voice capacity MIMO

38 From0G to 5G 38 0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G IMTS AMPS D-AMPS 3GPP family 3GPP2 family GSM GPRS, EDGE UMTS HSPA+, LTE LTE Adv. cdmaone 1xRTT 4G 1 Gbit/s + OFDM 1xEV-DO Rel.0 1xEV-DO Rev.A WiMAX WiMAX Adv ? NA NA 9.6 kbit/s 0.2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s Cellular Digital Data services IEEE family Multimedia All-IP network And MIMO Ultra Broad- Band Mobile

39 4G LTE Advanced 39 3GPP Release 10 (2011) Backward compatibility with LTE 3GPP Technical Report (TR) : Requirements for Further Advancements for E-UTRA(LTE-Advanced) Continual improvement to the LTE radio technology and architecture Scenarios and performance requirements for interworking with legacy radio access technologies Backward compatibility with LTE Peak data rate 1Gbit/s Faster switching between power states and improved performance at the cell edge

40 LTE Advanced proposals 40 Support for relay node base stations Coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission and reception UE Dual TX antenna solutions for SU-MIMO and diversity MIMO Scalable system bandwidth exceeding 20 MHz up to 100 MHz Carrier aggregation of contiguous and non-contiguous spectrum allocations Flexible spectrum usage, Cognitive Radio Automatic and autonomous network configuration and operation Enhanced precoding and forward error correction Interference management and suppression Asymmetric bandwidth assignment for FDD Hybrid OFDMA and SC-FDMA in uplink MIMO(8x8 MIMO QAM )

3GPP Releases (fromlte to ) 41 Release Year Feature Release 8 Release 9 Release 10 2008 Q4 LTE and Dual-Cell HSDPA 2009 Q4 Rel.

41 3GPP Releases (fromlte to ) 41 Release Year Feature Release 8 Release 9 Release Q4 LTE and Dual-Cell HSDPA 2009 Q4 Rel.8 + WiMAX and LTE/UMTS Interoperability + Dual-Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual-Cell HSUPA 2011 Q1 LTE Advanced + Multi-Cell HSDPA (4 carriers) Source:

42 From0G to 5G 42 0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G IMTS AMPS D-AMPS 3GPP family 3GPP2 family GSM GPRS, EDGE UMTS HSPA+, LTE LTE Adv. cdmaone 1xRTT 1xEV-DO Rel.0 1xEV-DO Rev.A WiMAX WiMAX Adv ? NA NA 9.6 kbit/s 0.2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s Cellular Digital Data services IEEE family 5G? Multimedia All-IP network And MIMO Ultra Broad- Band Mobile

43 Non-exhaustive listof 5G approaches 43 Main improvements: no increase in the peak data rate but rather Lowerbatteryconsumption, loweroutageprobability High data rates in largerportions of the coverage area Trafficaggregation Pervasive networks and ubiquitous computing: ability to swap between standards (IEEE : seamlesshandoverbetweendifferentstandards for wireless networks) Cooperative communications with relays Cognitive radio (IEEE : Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) using white spaces in the TV frequency spectrum) Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), wireless mesh networks (WMNs) Femtocells Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) (IEEE a) Status: research papers

44 From0G to 5G 44 0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G IMTS AMPS D-AMPS 3GPP family 3GPP2 family GSM GPRS, EDGE UMTS HSPA+, LTE LTE Adv. cdmaone 1xRTT 1xEV-DO Rel.0 1xEV-DO Rev.A WiMAX WiMAX Adv ? NA NA 9.6 kbit/s 0.2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s Cellular Digital Data services IEEE family Multimedia All-IP network And MIMO Ultra Broad- Band Mobile TO BE CONTINUED

Wireless Communication

Wireless Communication Hwajung Lee Key Reference: Prof. Jong-Moon Chung s Lecture Notes at Yonsei University Wireless Communications Bluetooth Wi-Fi Mobile Communications LTE LTE-Advanced Mobile Communications