Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Effects on Human Beings Review

Transcription

1 e-issn Volume 2 Issue 6, June 2016 pp Scientific Journal Impact Factor : Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Effects on Human Beings Review Asha Madhav Nayak 1, Bhavesh Ranjan Vengurlekar 2 1,2 L.B.H.S.S.T s Institute Of Computer Application S.N.341,Next to New English School, Govt. Colony Bandra (East) Master of Computer Application (MCA) University of Mumbai Abstract In today s world, mobile phones are not only luxury but also it becomes necessity of the peoples. Mobile phone use not just limited to elders or business purposed. Now-a-days mobile phone is going to use by the children, youngsters, as well as aged person too. Mobile phone has become undivided part of our life. The uses of mobile phone increase rapidly but while using that we didn t think about its disadvantages. When we get connected with another person through calls, for that time period, phone release some electromagnetic radiations which is harmful for human body. The electromagnetic radiations are known as SAR i.e. Specific Absorption Rate. SAR energy which is absorbed by the tissues of human body. The small sample volume of SAR also effects on human body which causes to different heath issues. SAR value is differ from testing one mobile phone to another. Many researchers have proposed techniques and formulas to detect SAR testing and its effects. In this review paper, what is SAR, its health issues and safety standards are presented. We also described lawsuits and precaution principle and precautionary measures and health advisories. Keywords SAR, undivided, proposed techniques, precaution principle and precautionary measures, electromagnetic, WHO. I. INTRODUCTION Now-a-days use of mobile phones are increased like the way population increases every seconds. Everyone using this device but not aware about its disadvantages or health issues. Mobile phones are like friend in our life who s always with us. But in actual mobile phone is behaving like a Friendly Evil. Uses Of the mobile phones are Communication, Message sending, Games, Chat, Internet, Music, Reading article, etc. While performing all these activities we are not thinking about SAR; which is automatically comes into the picture when we used mobiles. Sometime we heard about this term SAR and its health issues through interviews where many researchers talked on this topic but we simply neglect. When calls are going to connect that time device released electromagnetic field which energy absorbed by human body. It is absorbed per mass tissue and has units of watts per kilogram (W/Kg). Different states mentioned different SAR standards. So that while communication health issues are not increased. II. DEFINITION SAR is Specific Absorption Rate which measured the rate of energy which is absorbed by the human body, when electromagnetic field released, the radio frequency which has units of W/Kg. III. CALCULATION OF SAR SAR for electromagnetic energy can be calculated from electric field All rights Reserved 518

2 Where Is the sample electrical conductivity. Is the RMS electric field. Is the sample density. Is the volume of the sample. (Adapted from: [1]) This formula is commonly used to measure power absorbed from mobile phones. The value of the formula totally depends on Geometry of the part of the body to energy and exact location. Thus, test made of each specific mobile model and at the position of mobile use. When mobile phone measuring the SAR, that time mobile phone position is placed at the head in talk position. Most probably SAR highest absorption rate is at the head in talk position. IV. SAR RULES Different governments defined various rules related to SAR, United States: As per United States SAR level at or below 1.6 W/Kg. Which is taken over 1 gram of tissues. European Union: As per European Union SAR limit is 2 W/Kg. Which is taken over 10 gram of tissues. India: In previous days India follow European Union SAR limit i.e. 2 W/Kg but in the year 2012 India switched SAR limit to United States SAR limit i.e. at or below 1.6 W/Kg. Country Name United States (U.S.) Europe India There are several types of effects on health of SAR 5.1 Thermal effects: SAR Limit 1.6 W/Kg in 1g of tissue 2.0 W/Kg in 10g of tissue 1.6 W/Kg in 1g of tissue V. SAR AND HEALTH EFFECTS In this type of effect radiation is dielectric heating in which living tissue is heated by electromagnetic field. Heating affect the surface of the head which causing its temperature to increase by some fraction of degree. Excess heat increasing blood flow in blood circulation in brain. Temperature of brain will increase till 140c in W/kg. This is not affected to eyes till 2-3 hours duration because eyes has ability to control temperature but after some time it start affecting on eyes All rights Reserved 519

3 5.2 Non-thermal effects (Adapted from: [3]) In this type of effect radiation is responsible to increase in temperature. It increase the heat shock proteins of environment which affects the cell stress cause by heat. This is detected by the REFLEX study center. 5.3 Cancer Many researchers and Research University defined several article from 2006 related to mobile phone use increases the risk of cancer. In the year 2011 follow-up confirmed these research about mobile phone use is also responsible for cancer. Mobile phone uses increase the risk of brain tumor and brain cancer. Tumors are more likely to occur side of the head at side of mobile phone used. 5.4 Cognitive Effects Mobile phone use increases the risk of cognitive effects which is functions of humans. Many researchers research that it affects the working memory task of humans. (Adapted from: All rights Reserved 520

4 5.5 Sleep International Journal of Current Trends in Engineering & Research (IJCTER) Mobile phone use effects on sleep. When pulsed of radiation frequency increase in that situation it effects on sleep. 5.6 Behavioral effects Cell phone use may cause behavioral problems. VI. SAFETY STANDARDS To product the population living around base stations and mobile phone which translate to limits on below certain level. Many governments try to competing telecommunication companies try to sharing of towers to decrease environment impact. Avoid mobile towers in residential areas, schools and hospitals. VII. INDIAN LAWSUITS In 2012, a case was filed against mobile towers in residential areas, schools and hospitals. In March 2013, lawsuits decided wherein the mobile towers radiation values are classified as per the area. VIII. PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE World Health Organization (WHO) recommended some precautionary principle are as follow 1. Minimization of usage of mobile phones. 2. Limitation of use by children. 3. Use of hands-free device such as Bluetooth headsets. IX. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES World Health Organization (WHO) recommended some precautionary principle are as follow, 1. Use hands-free to decrease the radiation to the head. 2. Keep the mobile phone away from your body. 3. Do not use telephone in a car without an external antenna. SAR absorbed radio frequency by human body near towers defined by following diagram, (Adapted from: All rights Reserved 521

5 When human connect with another mobile phone for communication near towers energy received by base station and some energy is lost in direction than base station as well as energy absorbed by head. X. CONCLUSION SAR is a serious issues growing very rapidly. The main effects of this SAR radiation is serious problems that we even can t understand. To avoid this problems everyone must follow the precautions defined by WHO. We reviewed all the common health issues and Indian lawsuits. Also we have described the precautionary principle and precautionary measures. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] All rights Reserved 522