EMF safety Workshop. Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa
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1 EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016
2 Is this site safe? Aim
3 Is this site safe? Aim
4 Aim Is this site safe? Maxwell s Equations (from Wikipedia)
5 EMSS Overview Content Introduction to Electromagnetics EMF safety guidelines Latest research and reviews Introduction to mobile phone networks Applying guidelines to mobile phones and networks Practical mobile phone network compliance EMF measurements around mobile phone base stations Sources for further reading Summary
6 EMSS Overview Content Introduction to Electromagnetics EMF safety guidelines Latest research and reviews Introduction to mobile phone networks Applying guidelines to mobile phones and networks Practical mobile phone network compliance EMF measurements around mobile phone base stations Sources for further reading Summary
7 EMSS Overview Based in Stellenbosch, South Africa Focus on electromagnetics since 1994 Products and services in the field of EMF Safety Ixus Compliance Software fieldsense personal RF safety meter Site assessment and certification EMF Measurements RF awareness training
8 Projects: Africa
9 EMSS Overview Non EMF safety activities Radio Astronomy Karoo Array Telescope KAT 7 Meerkat
10 EMSS Overview Content Introduction to Electromagnetics EMF safety guidelines Latest research and reviews Introduction to mobile phone networks Applying guidelines to mobile phones and networks Practical mobile phone network compliance EMF measurements around mobile phone base stations Sources for further reading Summary
11 Introduction to Electromagnetics TV RF Sources? Base Stations Radio Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles WiFi Cellphones
12 Introduction to Electromagnetics Can Cause Heating AM radio Mobile Phones FM radio Satellite TV Lasers Can Cause Cancer Hz khz MHz GHz THz X rays Gamma rays Radio frequency radiation Ionising radiation Non-ionising radiation Ionising radiation
13 Introduction to Electromagnetics RF Exposure Base Station
14 Introduction to Electromagnetics Cellular communications
15 Introduction to Electromagnetics Typical Cellphone Base stations
16 EMSS Overview Content Introduction to Electromagnetics EMF safety guidelines Latest research and reviews Introduction to mobile phone networks Applying guidelines to mobile phones and networks Practical mobile phone network compliance EMF measurements around mobile phone base stations Sources for further reading Summary
17 Guidelines for Safe Exposure De facto standard for RF safety Endorsed by World Health Organization (WHO) and numerous other international health bodies Thousands of Research Studies (since 1950s) Intense periods of research: 1970s (Microwave Oven), 1990s (Mobiles)
18 Guidelines for Safe Exposure Network limits (124 ICNIRP, 11 FCC) Incl Kenya
19 Guidelines for Safe Exposure Handset limits (147 ICNIRP, 19 FCC) Incl Kenya
20 SAR [W/kg] Guidelines for Safe Exposure Based on scientific research in the field, considering various outcomes. Protect against known possible negative health effects Overheating at this frequency range 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Excessive Heating Occupational Limit General Public Limit
21 At mobile frequencies: Basic restrictions SAR (W/kg) Energy absorbed per unit mass Two tiers Details not covered Guidelines for Safe Exposure
22 EMSS Overview Content Introduction to Electromagnetics EMF safety guidelines Latest research and reviews Introduction to mobile phone networks Applying guidelines to mobile phones and networks Practical mobile phone network compliance EMF measurements around mobile phone base stations Sources for further reading Summary
23 Research and reviews WHO Fact sheet N 193 Reviewed October 2014 A large number of studies have been performed over the last two decades to assess whether mobile phones pose a potential health risk. To date, no adverse health effects have been established as being caused by mobile phone use. This is the general conclusion reached by numerous international medical bodies
24 SCENIHR 2015 Recent reviews Final opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), adopted on 27 January Swedish Radiation Safety Authority 2015 Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk Tenth report from SSM s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten (Swedish Radiation Safety Authority), March, New Zealand 2015 New Zealand Interagency Committee on the Health Effects of Non-Ionising Fields: Report to Ministers 2015, Interagency Committee on the Health Effects of Non ionising Fields, May ARPANZA 2014 Review of Radiofrequency Health Effects Research Scientific Literature , Report by the ARPANSA Radiofrequency Expert Panel, TR164, March Austria 2014 WBF Expertenforum 2014, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2014 (Austria). Belgium 2014 Téléphonie mobile et santé avec en point d attention la 4G, Avis du Conseil supérieur de la Santé (CSS) [Superior Health Council of Belgium], No. 8927, 1 October Published 16 December Canada 2014 Review of Safety Code 6 (2013): Health Canada s Safety Limits for Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields, An Expert Panel Report prepared at the request of the Royal Society of Canada for Health Canada, April 2014.
25 WHO Current / future reviews Thorough review of latest science WHO currently conducting a formal risk assessment of all studied health outcomes from radiofrequency fields exposure. Results expected soon. ICNIRP Workshop in Cape Town May 2016.
26 Further research: Research and reviews : Research Long term health monitoring of a large group of people so that we can identify if there are any health issues linked to long term mobile phone use. Assess the potential link between the risk of brain tumors and environmental risk factors, including use of communication devices.
27 Research and reviews Incidence rates From
28 Summary What does all this mean? Science based guidelines exist for EMF Regular reviews of latest science by international bodies General consensus is that the guidelines are sufficient to protect us against known potential health risks.
29 EMSS Overview Content Introduction to Electromagnetics EMF safety guidelines Latest research and reviews Introduction to mobile phone networks Applying guidelines to mobile phones and networks Practical mobile phone network compliance EMF measurements around mobile phone base stations Sources for further reading Summary
30 First mobile phone? Mobile phone networks 1924? Analog 1970 s Digital 1990 s
31 Mobile phone networks Which technologies are used in Kenya? Fairly standardized world wide GSM900 and DCS1800 (2G in 900 and 1800 MHz bands) UMTS900 (3G in 900 MHz band) LTE800 and LTE1800 (4G in 800 and 1800 MHz bands) 1 Microwave links for backhaul Wimax 1 Info from Safaricom
32 Making a call & Handovers Mobile phone networks
33 Handovers Mobile phone networks Mobile phone looks for best signal from base station as mobile phone moves from cell to cell Complex handover scheme to ensure continuous communication Adaptive power control Transmit minimum power required for connection, based on signal strength Advantages? Saves battery power Reduces interference Both directions
34 EMSS Overview Content Introduction to Electromagnetics EMF safety guidelines Latest research and reviews Introduction to mobile phone networks Applying guidelines to mobile phones and networks Practical mobile phone network compliance EMF measurements around mobile phone base stations Sources for further reading Summary
35 SAR [W/kg] Application to mobile phones and networks ICNIRP refresher Basic restrictions to protect against known negative health effects Excessive Heating Occupational Limit General Public Limit
36 At mobile frequencies: Basic restrictions SAR (W/kg) Application to mobile phones and networks Energy absorbed per unit mass 2 Tiers
37 SAR [W/kg] Application to mobile phones and networks Show application to phones Show application to base stations Many technical details not covered Excessive Heating Occupational Limit General Public Limit
38 Application to mobile phones Is your phone s SAR below these levels? How is this measured?
39 How is this measured? Application to mobile phones Reported value is worst case Multiple technologies Maximum transmit power (no Adaptive power control)
40 At mobile frequencies: Basic restrictions Application to mobile networks SAR (W/kg) Energy absorbed per unit mass Not easily measured in field ICNIRP specifies reference levels Conservative approximation of Basic restrictions Can do computer simulation or measurement
41 EMSS Overview Content Introduction to Electromagnetics EMF safety guidelines Latest research and reviews Introduction to mobile phone networks Applying guidelines to mobile phones and networks Practical mobile phone network compliance EMF measurements around mobile phone base stations Sources for further reading Summary
42 Is this site compliant? Aim
43 Antennas at a Base Station Various antennas at a BTS site They all transmit RF waves
44 Antennas at a Base Station Example exclusion zones Yellow: ICNIRP General public Red: ICNIRP Occupational Dimensions affected by? Antenna characteristics Transmit power level etc Side view
45 Antennas at a Base Station: Panel (Typical) Side view 8m 18m Top view 14m
46 Antennas at a Base Station: Omni (Typical) 2.8m 0.4m 2.2m Top view Side view
47 Antennas at a Base Station Exclusion zones for typical site
48 Is this site compliant? Aim
49 Base station Compliance To answer that question: Determine the location of any EMF exclusion zones Computer simulation Measurement Consider accessibility of such zones
50 Computer simulation Exclusion zone and accessibility
51 Computer simulation Exclusion zone and accessibility
52 Computer simulation Exclusion zone and accessibility
53 Examples: Mast site Administrative Controls 53
54 Aim Is this site compliant? Zone? Accessibility? Measures?
55 Aim Is this site compliant? Zone? Accessibility? Building occupants? Measures? Not sure, but not easily accessible
56 Is this site compliant? Zone? Accessibility? Measures? Exclusion zone and accessibility
57 Is this site compliant? Zone? Accessibility? Building occupants? Measures? Aim Not sure, but not easily accessible
58 Is this site compliant? Zone? Accessibility? Measures? Exclusion zone and accessibility
59 Is this site compliant? Zone? Accessibility? Measures? Exclusion zone and accessibility
60 Exclusion zone and accessibility Where is the closest site to our current location? On rooftop In building?
61 Is this site compliant? Zone? Accessibility? Measures? Exclusion zone and accessibility
62 Is this site compliant? Zone? Accessibility? Measures? Exclusion zone and accessibility
63 Is this site compliant? Zone? Accessibility? Measures? Exclusion zone and accessibility
64 Is this site compliant? Zone? Accessibility? Measures? Exclusion zone and accessibility
65 Summary Science based guidelines exist for EMF Regular reviews of latest science by international bodies General consensus is that the guidelines are sufficient to protect us against known potential health risks.
66 Summary Applied these guidelines to mobile base stations, considering Where is the Exclusion Zone? How Accessible is the Zone? Administrative Measures? 66
67 EMSS Overview Content Introduction to Electromagnetics EMF safety guidelines Latest research and reviews Introduction to mobile phone networks Applying guidelines to mobile phones and networks Practical mobile phone network compliance EMF measurements around mobile phone base stations Sources for further reading Summary
68 Why EMF Measurements? Measure at publicly accessible areas around cellular base stations Public concern Cellular exclusion zone determination Measurements normally not required or used to determine compliance boundary Not covered here
69 EMF Measurements Use Narda portable spectrum analyzer Follow established measurement procedure (IEC 62232, CENELEC, etc) Automated
70 Example positions Measurement Methodology
71 Example positions Measurement Methodology
72 Example positions Measurement Methodology
73 Example positions EMF Measurements
74 Example positions Measurement Methodology
75 Example site: Report Typical Results
76 Typical Results Mobile Results (> measurements) Comparable to other international surveys Ken H. Joyner et al. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2013;rpd.nct222
77 EMSS Overview Content Introduction to Electromagnetics EMF safety guidelines Latest research and reviews Introduction to mobile phone networks Applying guidelines to mobile phones and networks Practical mobile phone network compliance EMF measurements around mobile phone base stations Sources for further reading Summary
78 Further reading
79 EMSS Overview Content Introduction to Electromagnetics EMF safety guidelines Latest research and reviews Introduction to mobile phone networks Applying guidelines to mobile phones and networks Practical mobile phone network compliance EMF measurements around mobile phone base stations Sources for further reading Summary
80 Summary Science based guidelines exist for EMF Regular reviews of latest science by international bodies General consensus is that the guidelines are sufficient to protect us against known potential health risks.
81 Summary Applied these guidelines to mobile base stations, considering Where is the Exclusion Zone? How Accessible is the Zone? Administrative Measures? 81
82 Summary EMF measurements to inform public Results similar to rest of the world
83 Conclusion Is this site safe? Covered EMF guidelines Applied to Mobile networks
84 Asante sana Questions?
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