Area Covered is small Area covered is large. Data transfer rate is high Data transfer rate is low

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1 Chapter 15 Networking Concepts 1. Define networking. It is the interconnection of independent computing devices for sharing of information over shared medium. 2. What is the need for networking? / What are the goals of networking? / What are advantages of networking? a. Resource sharing: By interconnecting devices, information and devices can be shared even from remote locations. b. Redundancy: Information is available from more than one system. c. Cost effective: Sharing of resources results in low cost d. Speed: Provides high speed of communication. 3. Mention the types of networks. Based on the area covered, Networks can be divided into LAN (Local Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network) and MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) 4. Differentiate between LAN and WAN. LAN WAN Area Covered is small Area covered is large High speed Less speed Data transfer rate is high Data transfer rate is low Error rate is less Error rate is High 5. What is topology? The arrangement of devices in the network is called topology. 6. What is bus topology? It s a type of topology where all nodes in the network are connected to a single linear cable called BUS. 7. What is ring topology? It s a type of topology where all nodes are connected to adjacent neighbors. 8. What is star topology? It s a type of topology where all nodes are connected to a central device called HUB/ Switch 9. What is mesh topology? It s a type of topology where every system is connected to all other systems in the network. 10. What is tree topology? It s a combination of BUS and Star topology. All nodes are connected to a central devices and such central devices are connected to a bus.

2 11. What is meant by transmission modes? It gives information on how data flows between communication devices. 12. What is half duplex communication mode? Give an example. The communication is bidirectional but not simultaneous. E.g. Walkie-talkie 13. What is full duplex communication mode? Give an example The communication is bidirectional and simultaneous. E.g. Telephone network 14. Give an example for simplex mode of communication. The communication is unidirectional. E.g. Keyboard. 15. Differentiate simplex and half duplex. Simplex Half Duplex Communication is unidirectional Communication is bidirectional e.g. Keyboard e.g. Walkie-talkie Mention the different switching techniques. Circuit switching, Message switching, Packet switching 17. What is circuit switching? a. A dedicated channel is established between nodes. b. Data transmission takes place only after establishing the path. c. When the transmission is complete, the channel is released. d. Large messages monopolize the network 18. Explain message switching. a. No dedicated path is established between source and destination. b. Message is passed through intermediate nodes. c. The path taken is dynamic 19. What is packet switching? a. Messages are broken into packets b. At the destination, packets are reassembled based on sequence numbers c. Large messages do not monopolize the network 20. Mention the different types of transmission medium. a. Twisted pair cables b. co-axial cables c. Fiber optic cables

3 21. Explain twisted pair cables. a. The cable consists of four pairs of wires. b. Each pair is twisted with different number of twists. c. The twists eliminate interference. d. It is ideal for small LAN since it is inexpensive and easy to install 22. Explain co-axial cables. a. It s a kind of copper cable used by cable TV companies b. They carry high frequency signals. c. It consists of two conductors and two insulators. 23. Explain Optical fiber cables. a. It uses technology of Total Internal Reflection b. Data transmission at high speeds and high bandwidth. c. Less susceptible for interference 24. Expand ARPANET. Advanced Research Project Agency Network 25. Name the types of server. a. Dedicated servers b. Non dedicated servers. 26. Expand NIC Network Interface Card. 27. Expand GSM. Global System for mobile communication. 28. What is SIM card? a. Subscriber identity module is a microchip that gives the unique number to the device. b. It has memory, processor and ability to interact with user. 29. Expand GPRS. General Packet Radio Service. 30. Expand CDMA. Code Division Multiple access. 31. Expand 2G. 2 nd Generation 32. Explain EDGE. a. EDGE stands for Enhanced Data rates For GSM Evolution b. It is a high speed 3G technology built on GSM c. They deliver multimedia applications at a high speed

4 33. What are Wi-Fi hotspots? a. They are wireless access points providing internet access to devices in public locations b. Some of it are free and some require subscription. Commonly it includes, hotels, airports, cafes etc. 34. What are firewalls? It is a system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network 35. What is SMS? It s a mechanism to deliver short messages in the mobile network.. The sender can get notification on delivery to the intended user. 36. What is meant by chatting? It s a process of communication over the internet. It s a text based tool for tool for communication. 37. What are cookies? They are small encrypted text files located in browser directories. 38. What is cyber law? It is a legal recognition for monitoring cyberspace. 39. What is a virus? They are small software programs that interfere deliberately in the user s operations 40. What is a server? It is a network device which serves the requests from the clients. 41. What are routers? a. It is a networking device which join multiple networks. b. They can filter traffic based on IP address. 42. What is a switch? a. It is a networking device that is an intelligent hub. b. They slowly learn the network and deliver message directly to the ports connected 43. What are bridges? a. It is a networking device that joins segments of LANs b. They also divide the network to isolate traffic problems. 44. What is a hub? a. It is a networking device that connects several computers together. b. They are commonly used in star topologies. c. It transmits messages from one port to another. 45. What are modems? It is a networking device that converts analog signals to digital and vice versa.

5 46. What are repeaters? It is a networking device that regenerates/amplify signals for long distance communication. 47. Explain various networking devices used. Refer the previous seven questions. 48. Advantages and disadvantages of different topologies. Topology Advantage Disadvantage BUS Easy to install If bus breaks, entire network halts Ring Reduced collision Addition of components do not affect the network Star Easy to install If the central device fails, whole network goes down. Mesh It can withstand high traffic. Setup and maintenance is difficult. Tree Expansion of network is easy. Maintenance is difficult. 49. Explain network security. a. It refers to securing the computer systems and information from unauthorized access, natural calamities, and other threats. b. Most common threats include i. Physical security: This is where individuals get unauthorized physical access and damage files. ii. Software Security: The most common software threats include virus, hacker attacks etc. c. The Protection methods include i. Authentication: It provides the way for identifying the user by having valid user name and password. ii. Authorization: It determines whether the user has the authority to perform some activities. iii. Accounting: It gives an account of the resources user has used. iv. Firewall: It is a method to prevent unauthorized access to or from a network. 50. Explain gateway. a. It is a node on the network which servers as entry and exit point of a network b. It is implemented at the boundary of a network. c. If a node wants to communicate with outside network, it passes the data packet to the gateway which then routes to the destination using best possible route. d. For home network gateway is the ISP. e. It can be associated with both router and switch

6 51. Mention the symptoms of virus. a. Systems become slow b. Unusual files and directories appear. c. Files/ directories disappear. d. Drives become inaccessible. e. System crashes frequently. 52. Mention the methods of preventing a virus. a. Use antivirus: Install the latest version of the antivirus b. Update the antivirus: Updating the antivirus is required to have protection from latest virus. c. Update Patches: Turn on the automatic updates in the Operating system so that it advices on the security issues. d. Scan devices: Always scan the external storage devices before using e. Always use licensed software. 53. Explain OSI Reference Model OSI defines the framework using seven layers. a. Application Layer: It is the only layer to have direct interface with the user. b. Presentation Layer :It translates messages from application to network format and Vice versa by performing Encryption, decryption etc. c. Session Layer: It is responsible for Establishing, Managing and terminating sessions d. Transport Layer: It ensures reliable data transfer by error checking and data flow control mechanism e. Network Layer: Decides which path the data should take based on network conditions and other factors. f. Data Link Layer: Responsible for physically identifying devices g. Physical Layer: Provides hardware means for sending and receiving data on a carrier. 54. Explain TCP/IP Model a. It defines a framework using four layers. They are b. Application Layer: It is the only layer that provides user interface. This is where client applications are run. c. Transport Layer: It provides reliable connection oriented transportation of data. It manages error control and data flow control. d. Internet Layer: Provides connectionless communication across networks. It is responsible for breaking data into packets, addressing and routing. e. Network Access Layer: It is responsible for physically transmitting the data over the medium.

Data Communication. Introduction of Communication. Data Communication. Elements of Data Communication (Communication Model)

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