Stateless Multicast with Bit Indexed Explicit Replication
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2 Stateless Multicast with Bit Indexed Explicit Replication IJsbrand Wijnands Distinguished Engineer BRKIPM-2239
3 Agenda Introduction Solution Overview Encapsulation Sets and Areas Forwarding ECMP BIER Overlay Deployment Scenarios Conclusion
4 Introduction
5 BIER history A team was formed to investigate solutions for multicast in the context of Segment Routing. Encoding a Sourced routed Multicast tree path using MPLS labels is difficult. The packet header would get very large, and its very hard to parse such header. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5
6 BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6
7 The BIER Epiphany Only encode the end-receivers (as a Bit Position) in the packet header. Not the intermediate nodes. Encode the Bit String in the packet header. Using some sort of encapsulation. Create a Bit Forwarding Table on all BIER nodes to allow multicast packet forwarding using the Bit String in the packet. Derived from the RIB, SPF based. We call it, Bit Indexed Explicit Replication (BIER). BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7
8 Tech Fund Chambers Tech Fund to prototype the idea Jan Core TF team: Greg Shepherd, Neale Ranns, IJsbrand Wijnands. Goal: build a prototype on a real router platform. We have a working prototype code on XRVR, VPP, CRS, ASR1K and ASR9K. Planned Release ASR9K - IOS-XR ASR1K - IOS-XE 16.6S (July 2017 FCS) BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8
9 IETF The BIER idea was presented in a BOF at the IETF in Hawaii. November A new BIER Working Group has been formed (bier@ietf.org) Vendors collaborating (co-authoring) with us; BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9
10 IETF drafts draft-ietf-bier-problem-statement draft-ietf-bier-architecture draft-ietf-bier-encapsulation-mpls draft-ietf-bier-use-cases draft-ietf-l3vpn-mvpn-bier draft-ietf-ospf-bier-extensions draft-ietf-bier-isis-extensions draft-xu-idr-bier-extensions BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10
11 Solution Overview
12 Basic Idea BIER A/32 B/32 LSA 2 B/32 LSA 3 C/32 LSA 1 - A/32 BIER Domain LSA 4 D/32 LSA 5 E/32 E/ BitString C/32 D/32 1. Assign a unique Bit Position from a BitString to each Edge router in the BIER domain. 2. Each Edge floods their Bit Position - Prefix mapping using the IGP (OSPF, ISIS) BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12
13 Basic Idea BIER A/32 B/32 E/32 BitMask Nbr 0011 A 0100 B 1000 C C/32 D/32 1. Assign a unique Bit Position from a BitString to each BFER in the BIER domain. 2. Each BFER floods their Bit Position to BFR-prefix mapping using the IGP (OSPF, ISIS) BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13
14 Bit Index Forwarding Table BM Nbr BM Nbr BM Nbr 0111 B A 0011 C 0100 E B 0001 D 0010 F C D BFR-ID 1 BS:0001 BM-ER BM Nbr 0011 C B E BFR-ID 3 BS:0100 BM-ER F BFR-ID 2 BS:0010 BM-ER Based on shortest path route to RID, the Bit Mask Forwarding Table is created BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14
15 Forwarding Packets BM Nbr BM Nbr BM Nbr AND B A & C & D &0001 AND AND 0100 E 0010 F 0001 B 0001 C D BFR-ID 1 BS:0001 Suppose A leans about D s interest, in the blue multicast flow. (via BGP, SDN, STATIC, etc ) Nbr 0011 C E BFR-ID 3 BS:0100 F BFR-ID 2 BS:0010 B BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15
16 Forwarding Packets Nbr Nbr Nbr AND B A & C & D &0001 AND AND 0100 E & F 0101 B 0001 C D BFR-ID 1 BS:0001 Suppose A leans about D and E s interest, in the blue multicast flow. (via BGP, SDN, STATIC, etc ) AND Nbr 0011 C B E BFR-ID 3 BS:0100 F BFR-ID 2 BS:0010 BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16
17 Forwarding Packets Nbr Nbr Nbr AND B A & C & D &0001 AND AND 0100 E & F & B 0011 C D BFR-ID 1 BS:0001 Suppose A leans about D, E and F s interest, in the blue multicast flow. (via BGP, SDN, STATIC, etc ) AND Nbr 0011 C B E BFR-ID 3 BS:0100 F BFR-ID 2 BS:0010 BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17
18 Forwarding Packets As you can see from the previous slides, the result from the bitwise AND (&) between the Bit Mask in the packet and the Forwarding table is copied in the packet for each neighbor. This is the key mechanism to prevent duplication. Look at the next slide to see what happens if the bits are not reset If the previous bits would not have been reset, E would forward the packet to C and vice versa. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18
19 0111 Forwarding Packets Nbr Nbr Nbr AND B A &0111 AND C 0100 E B &0011 &0100 AND D 0010 F C D BFR-ID 1 BS:0001 AND Nbr 0011 C B E BFR-ID 3 BS:0100 F BFR-ID 2 BS:0010 BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19
20 Encapsulation
21 How many Bits and Where? The number of multicast egress routers that can be addressed is depending on the number of Bits that can be included in the BitString The BitString length is dependent on the encapsulation type and router platform. We ve analyzed the MPLS option, CRS, ASR1K and ASR9K platform. Both these platforms can do 256 bits. Other vendors confirmed they can do 256. We identified 5 different encoding options, most attractive below; 1. MPLS, below the bottom label and before IP header. 2. IPv6, extensions header. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 21
22 EOS EOS MPLS encapsulation The Top Label is allocated by BIER from the downstream platform label space. The BIER Header follows directly below the BIER label. There is a single BIER label on top, unless the packet is re-encapsulated into a unicast MPLS tunnel. The VPN label is allocated from the upstream context label space (optional). BIER Label BIER Header VPN Label Payload MPLS Label BIER header Upstream Label (optional) IPv4/IPv6/L2 BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22
23 BIER Header 256bits = 32bytes Ver Len Entropy BitString (first 32 bits) ~ ~ ~ ~ BitString (last 32 bits) OAM Reserved Proto BFIR-id BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23
24 Sets and Areas
25 BIER Sets Set BM Nbr I I J 1:0111 2:0111 Note, we create different forwarding entries for each Set To increase the scale we group the egress routers in Sets. I G Note, Bit Positions 1,2,3 appear in both Sets, and do not overlap due to Sets. H A B C D E F 1:0001 1:0010 1:0100 2:0001 2:0010 2:0100 Set 1 Set 2 BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25
26 BIER Sets Set BM Nbr I G A B 1:0001 Set 1 1: I J 1:0111 2:0111 I Set 2 C 2:0001 Note, we create different forwarding entries for each Set There is no topological restriction which set an egress belongs to H Set 1 D E F 1:0100 2:0010 Set 2 2:0100 BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26
27 BIER Sets If a multicast flow has multiple receivers in different Sets, the packet needs to be replicated multiple times by the ingress router, for each set once. Is that a problem? We don t think so The Set identifier is part of the packet. Can be implemented as MPLS label. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 27
28 BIER Areas Area 1 BIER Forwarding Area BM Nbr Area 0 0:001 ABR G 1:010 A B 1:001 1: I C 1:100 J 0:011 I D 2:001 Area 2 0:010 H 2:010 E 2:010 BIER area s are like IGP area s, you only need reachability to the ABR ABR F 2:100 BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 28
29 BIER Areas The ABR removes the BIER header from Area 0, and imposes a new BIER header for Area 1 and 2. The new BIER header can be determined by a Group/Label lookup. Look for the inner IPv4/6 packet group address, do a lookup in the MFIB Requires flow state on the ABR. Similar to Segmented Inter-AS MVPN BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 29
30 Sub-domains
31 BIER Sub-domains Domain 1 A B C D PIM/ IGMP PIM/ IGMP E F G H Domain 2 Nodes are configured to be in a BIER sub-domain. BIER MPLS labels are not installed between sub-domains BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 31
32 BIER Sub-domains Domain 1 X A B C D PIM/ IGMP PIM/ IGMP E F G H Domain 2 When IGP changes SPF for B to F, traffic is dropped. BIER traffic is never leaked between sub-domains. Routers can be part of multiple sub-domains. This is a very easy mechanism to force dual plane. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32
33 The BFR-id
34 The BFR-id A BFER is uniquely identified by a two tuple {Set ID, Bit Position} The number of Bit Positions is depending on the length of the support BitString in the network. To make the BFER identifier independent of the BitString length we defined the BFR-id as a number between [1,65535] We auto-generate the BFR-id into a {Set ID, Bit Position}, based on the BitString Length. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34
35 The BFR-id Formula: SI = (BFR-id -1) / BitStringLength BP = ((BFR-id -1) modulo BitStringLength) + 1 Example BFR-id = 129. BitString Length 128 -> {SI = 1, BP = 1} BitString Length 256 -> {SI = 0, BP = 129} BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 35
36 The BFR-id By decoupling the BFR-id from the SetID and Bit Position tuple, the BFR identifier is agnostic to the supported BitString length in the network. This is very useful during migration. If a network supports multiple BitString lengths, an egress router only needs one BFR-id, and is reachable via each BitString length. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 36
37 BIER Forwarding
38 BIER Forwarding We define two different forwarding methods for BIER. 1. Neighbor based forwarding. 2. Bit Indexed forwarding BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 38
39 BIER Forwarding, neighbor based. BIER Forwarding Table Nbr Packet IN 1 1 A & 1 B & C 1 1 D & = = Packet OUT Packet OUT A packet BitString is matched against each Neighbor in the BFT. This model works well for systems that have multi-cores. Its works less well for serialized processing as it requires a neighbor walk for each packet BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 39
40 BIER Forwarding, Bit Indexed BFT Neighbors Nbr 1 A 1 B 1 C 1 1 D BFT Indexed Nbr D A B C D We translate the BFT neighbor table in to a table sorting on Bit Position (so not by neighbor) We walk the Bit Mask in the packet and Index into the FIB table. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 40
41 BIER Forwarding, Bit Indexed Walk Bit Mask 1 BIER FIB Label Forwarding Table Packet IN Copy & Nbr D = Packet OUT & A B C D We walk the Bits in the packet, as soon as we hit a 1, we copy the packet, index into the FIB table with the position of the Bit. The Bit Mask entry is reverse & with the Bit Mask in the packet. This resets the Bits that where processed. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 41
42 BIER Forwarding, Bit Indexed Packet IN Walk Bit Mask & Copy BIER FIB Label Forwarding Table Nbr D = Copy & & A B C D Packet OUT = Packet OUT We walk the Bits in the packet, as soon as we hit a 1, we copy the packet, index into the FIB table with the position of the Bit. The Bit Mask entry is reverse & with the Bit Mask in the packet. This resets the Bits that where processed. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 42
43 BIER Forwarding, Bit Indexed Walking the bits in a Bit String takes less clock cycles compared to walking a list of neighbors. For that reason its faster to walk the Bit String and index into the neighbor table. The table is a NxN bit matrix, where N is the Bit String length. Bits that where already processed are reset so we don t processes them if they appears later in a Bit String. This way we avoid multiple copies being forwarded. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 43
44 BIER Forwarding, Bit Indexed Walking the Bit String in the packet is basically a repeating of Find First Set (FFS) Bit operation. Could be optimized to record the last position. Checkout Bruijn sequence (Count the consecutive zero bits) Is supported in compilers FFS and can be done in HW fairly easily. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 44
45 ECMP
46 ECMP It is possible the same Bit Position is reachable over different interfaces if there are ECMP paths. We distinguish two different ECMP behaviors ECMP via parallel interfaces to a single neighbor. ECMP via different neighbors. The handling is different for both cases. If the ECMP path is going to a single neighbor, the Bit Mask is the same for each candidate path, no special processing needed. If the ECMP path is to different neighbors, the Bit Mask will be different for each neighbor because the Bit String in the packet is the end result of the lookup in BIER, which is different for each nbr. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 46
47 ECMP Duplicate bit positions need to be resolved, ECMP logic needs to select based on Hash. In the example we selected C Nbr Nbr Nbr AND B A & C & D &0001 AND AND 0110 E & F & B 0011 C D 0001 Nbr E 0100 F C AND B 0010 F BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 47
48 ECMP BFT Neighbor ECMP Table 1 ECMP Table 2 ECMP Table 3 ECMP Table Nbr A A B B 1 1 C C D D We distribute the Bit Positions over multiple tables. Each Bit Position only appears once in each table. Table selection is based on entropy, done before Bit Index lookup BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 48
49 ECMP The number of tables is depending on the number of ECMP paths to different neighbors. If the max number of ECMP paths is 4, but there is a Bit Position reachable via 3 paths, this will cause unequal distribution. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 49
50 BIER Overlay
51 BIER Overlay One of the deployment challenges of BIER is HW support. Some routers may be delayed, others may never support it. We can run BIER as an overlay using the existing network. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 51
52 The Next BFR in the path
53 The Next BFR in the path When sending a BIER packet from ingress to egress, some nodes in the path may not support BIER. If a node is just pass-through and not doing any replication, its ok to skip this node and go to the next BIER node in the path. We identified how to modify the SPF algorithm in order to find the next BIER node in the path and tunnel to it (easy with MPLS). This solution is beneficial if some routers don t support BIER, we do expect ingress and egress routers to support BIER. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 53
54 The next BFR in the path RIB-A E F Alternate Alternate Nbr B C B C 0011 E F RIB-C Nbr E F BM C Nbr 0001 E 0010 F E 0001 A B C BM A Nbr 0011 C F 0010 With enhanced IGP calculation, A can calculate next BIER node in the path. C is installed as an alternate next-hop in the RIB at A. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 54
55 BIER on a stick
56 BIER on a stick With BIER on a stick, a Fullstack BIER capable router is connected to a non-bier capable router. The BIER router advertises it self through the IGP as being connected to the non-bier router. When calculating the path towards the destination, the SPF is modified such that the BIER router appears to be on the SPF (instead of the non- BIER router) BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 56
57 BIER on a stick RIB-A E F Alternate Alternate IP Nbr B G B G A E F RIB-G Alternate Alternate BIER Nbr B D B D G 0 B 1 1 E F BIER RIB-D Alternate Alternate Nbr C E C F D 0 C BIER 1 BIER E 0001 IP The SPF on A for E is through B, the modified SPF logic knows G is the BIER router for B. G will deal with BIER traffic on behalf of B. Same as D for C G and G are Fullstack BIER capable, as control plane and forwarding plane. It looks like G is connected to B through a zero cost Tunnel. 1 F 0010 IP BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 57
58 BIER on a stick A BIER on a stick router can also be used to replace the PE. IP traffic tunneled into the BIER router, BIER traffic comes out. Same on the egress, BIER traffic is tunneled in, IP traffic comes out. This will remove Multicast from the core completely. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 58
59 BIER on a stick I E F RIB-H Alternate Alternate Nbr IP A D A D H F C 0 Alternate J 0 A BIER B BIER 1 1 E RIB-D Alternate Nbr C I D C BIER 1 0 E 0001 J IP 1 BIER 0 IP The IP multicast traffic on Ingress A is pushed to H. This requires changes on the IP Multicast side (either config or code). On the Egress side the RPF instance has to point to the BIER node in order to accept the IP traffic coming down. F 0010 BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 59
60 Deployment Scenarios
61 Native BIER
62 Native BIER With Native BIER there is NO PIM involved, just IGMP and BIER. The Source and Receiver(s) are connected to BIER router. There are no RP s. There is no equivalent of PIM modes, like sparse, ssm, bidir etc.. We speak of single sender and multi sender, which is basically the same solution. The overlay can be BGP or SDN based. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 62
63 Native BIER (S1,G) A 0100 (*,G):0:000 1 E 1 IGMP (*,G) Nbr 1011 C C D 0 Nbr 1110 D 0 Nbr 0 Nbr B D 0100 A 1000 B 0001 E 0010 F 1100 C (*,G):0:001 0 F 0010 IGMP (*,G) 0 Nbr 0 Nbr 0111 C 1101 D E and F announce their Group membership via overlay to all other routers. A BIER router connected to the Source can immediately start sending. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 63
64 Native BIER (S1,G) (*,G):0:001 (*,G):0: A 0100 (*,G):0:001 0 E 0001 IGMP (*,G) 0 Nbr 1011 C C D 0 Nbr 1110 D (S2,G) (*,G):0:001 (*,G):0: B Nbr 0011 D 0100 A 1000 B 0 Nbr 0001 E 0010 F 1100 C (*,G):0:000 1 F 0010 IGMP (*,G) 0 Nbr 0 Nbr 0111 C 1101 D When B leans about a new source, it can immediately start sending. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 64
65 MVPN over BIER
66 MVPN over BIER BIER replaces PIM, mldp, RSVP-TE or IR in the core. BIER represents a full mesh (P2MP) connectivity between all the PE s in the network. There is no need to explicitly signal any MDT s (or PMSI s). With MVPN there are many profiles, This is partly due to the tradeoff between State and Flooding. Different C-multicast signaling options. MVPN over BIER, there is one profile. BGP for C-multicast signaling. No need for Data-MDTs. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 66
67 MVPN over BIER (S,G) PIM (*,G):0:0001 (*,G):0:0010 (*,G):0:0001 RR PIM (*,G) (S1,G) PIM A 0100 C 0001 PIM (*,G) BIER (*,G):0:0001 (S2,G) PIM B D PIM (*,G) The BGP control plane defined for MVPN can be re-used. Big difference, there is no Tree per VPN!!! The BIER packets needs to carry Source ID and upstream VPN context label BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 67
68 Conclusion
69 Stateless There is no Multicast receiver or flow state in the core network (only edge). Imposition of the BIER Header may be done by application, removes state from ingress. There is no tree state in the network. There is no tree building protocol or logic in the network. There is only topology state for the BFER s, derived from unicast routing. BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 69
70 Scale Since there is no flow and tree state, converges as fast as unicast. Compared to Ingress Replication, saves 256x (minimum) BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 70
71 Simplicity No Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) No Rendezvous Points No shared tree / source tree switchover No receiver driven tree building BIER is like unicast State is in the packet (like Segment Routing) BRKIPM Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 71
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