Connector body this is a plastic or metal structure that holds the ferrule and attaches to the jacket and strength members of the fiber cable itself.

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1 Page 1 Fiber:

2 Ferrule this is a thin structure (often cylindrical) that actually holds the glass fiber. It has a hollowed-out center that forms a tight grip on the fiber. Ferrules are usually made from ceramic, metal, or high-quality plastic, and typically will hold one strand of fiber. Connector body this is a plastic or metal structure that holds the ferrule and attaches to the jacket and strength members of the fiber cable itself. Coupling mechanism this is a part of the connector body that holds the connector in place when it gets attached to another device (a switch, NIC, bulkhead coupler, etc.). It may be a latch clip, a bayonet-style nut, or similar device. ST: The ST connector was one of the first connector types widely implemented in fiber optic networking applications. Originally developed by AT&T, it stands for Straight Tip connector. ST connections use a 2.5mm ferrule with a round plastic or metal body. The connector stays in place with a twiston/twist-off bayonet-style mechanism. Although extremely popular for many years, the ST connector is slowly being supplanted by smaller, denser connections in many installations. SC: SC connectors also use a round 2.5mm ferrule to hold a single fiber. They use a push-on/pull-off mating mechanism which is generally easier to use than the twist-style ST connector when in tight spaces. The connector body of an SC connector is squarish, and two SC connectors are usually held together with a plastic clip (this is referred to as a duplex connection). The SC connector was developed in Japan by NTT (the Japanese telecommunications company), and is believed to be an abbreviation for Subscriber Connector, or possibly Standard Connector. FDDI: FDDI stands for Fiber Distributed Data Interface, and it actually refers to a local area network standard such as Ethernet or Token Ring. The termination on the fiber optic cable itself is called an FDDI connector, or is also known as an MIC (Media Interface Connector) connector. It contains two ferrules in a large, bulky plastic housing that uses a squeeze-tab retention mechanism. MTP : Small Form Factor connectors (SFF): MTP is a special type of fiber optic connector. Made by US Conec, it is an improvement of the original MPO (Multi-fiber Push-On) connector designed by NTT. The MTP connector is designed to terminate several fibers up to 12 strands in a single ferrule. MTP connections are held in place by a push-on/pull-off latch, and can also be distinguished by a pair of metal guide pins that protrude from the front of the connector. Because of the high number of fiber strands available in a small connection, MTP assemblies are used for backbone, cross-connect, and break-out applications.

3 SFF connectors grew from the effort to make fiber connections smaller. In a rack or closet environment, space for several connections is limited, and thus manufacturers sought a way to increase port density. A standard was developed for smaller connectors called SFF (Small Form Factor). There are many different types of SFF connectors, but they are all smaller than normal ST or SC connections. LC: One popular SFF connector is the LC type. This interface was developed by Lucent Technologies (hence, Lucent Connector). It uses a push-pull mechanism, similar to the SC, and the connector body resembles the squarish shape of SC connectors as well. LC connectors are normally held together in a duplex configuration with a plastic clip. The ferrule of an LC connector is 1.25mm. MT-RJ: This is another popular SFF connector. Based on a specification by NTT, it was developed by AMP/Tyco and Corning, and stands for Mechanical Transfer-Registered Jack. The MT-RJ connector closely resembles an RJ-style modular plug, even getting part of its name from the resemblance. MT-RJ connectors are always duplex in that they hold two fibers. The body and ferrule are normally made from plastic or plastic composite, and lock into place with a tab (just like a modular RJ-style plug).

4 Host layers Media layers OSI Model Data unit Layer Function 7. Application Network process to application Data 6. Presentation Data representation and encryption 5. Session Interhost communication Segment 4. Transport End-to-end connections and reliability Packet 3. Network Path determination and logical addressing Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing Bit 1. Physical Media, signal and binary transmission name description note IEEE Bridging (networking) and Network Management IEEE Logical link control inactive IEEE Ethernet IEEE Token bus disbanded IEEE Defines the MAC layer for a Token Ring inactive IEEE Metropolitan Area Networks disbanded IEEE Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable disbanded IEEE Fiber Optic TAG disbanded IEEE Integrated Services LAN disbanded IEEE Interoperable LAN Security disbanded IEEE a/b/g/n Wireless LAN & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification) IEEE demand priority disbanded IEEE Not used (officially) IEEE Cable modems disbanded IEEE Wireless PAN IEEE Bluetooth certification IEEE ZigBee certification IEEE Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX certification) IEEE e (Mobile) Broadband Wireless Access IEEE Local Multipoint Distribution Service IEEE Resilient packet ring IEEE Radio Regulatory TAG

5 IEEE IEEE IEEE Coexistence TAG Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Media Independent Handoff IEEE Wireless Regional Area Network IEEE Broadband ISDN system experimental h OSI Basics: All People Seem To Need Data Processing Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away Application Application Presentation Presentation Session Session Transport Transport Network Network Data Link Data Link Physical... Physical

6 Layer # Name 7 Application HL7, Modbus 6 Presentation 5 Session Misc. examples IP suite AppleTalk suite IPX suite TDI, ASCII, EBCDIC, MIDI, MPEG Named Pipes, NetBIOS, SAP, Half Duplex, Full Duplex, Simplex, SDP NNTP, SIP, SSI, DNS, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, NFS, NTP, DHCP, SMPP, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet, RIP, BGP MIME, XDR, SSL, TLS ASP, ADSP, PAP AFP, ZIP, RTMP, NBP 4 Transport NBF TCP, UDP, SCTP DDP SPX 3 Network NBF, Q.931, IS-IS IP, IPsec, ICMP, IGMP, OSPF 2 Data Link 1 Physical (Ethernet), a/b/g/n MAC/LLC, 802.1Q (VLAN), ATM, HDP, FDDI, Fibre Channel, Frame Relay, HDLC, ISL, PPP, Q.921, Token Ring, CDP, ARP (maps layer 3 to layer 2 address), ITU-T G.hn DLL RS-232, V.35, V.34, I.430, I.431, T1, E1, 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, POTS, SONET, SDH, DSL, a/b/g/n PHY, ITU-T G.hn PHY PPP, SLIP, PPTP, L2TP AFP ATP (TokenTalk or EtherTalk) LocalTalk, AppleTalk Remote Access, PPP RS-232, RS-422, STP, PhoneNet RIP, SAP NWLink IPX IEEE framing, Ethernet II framing

7 10 Mbps Ethernet

8 Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet

9 10 Gigabit Ethernet

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13 Well Known UDP

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15 QoS Priority Levels Priority Level Traffic Type 0 Best Effort 1 Background 2 Standard (Spare) 3 Excellent Load (Business Critical) 4 Controlled Load (Streaming Multimedia) 5 Voice and Video (Interactive Media and Voice)[Less than 100ms latency and jitter] 6 Layer 3 Network Control Reserved Traffic [Less than 10ms latency and jitter] 7 Layer 2 Network Control Reserved Traffic [Lowest latency and jitter]

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31 Baseline Process

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33 Acronyms Reference: ACL Access Control List AD Active Directory ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AFP Apple File Protocol AH Authentication Header AM Amplitude Modulation AMI Alternate Mark Inversion APIPA Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing ARP Address Resolution Protocol ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode AV Anti Virus BDC Backup Domain Controller BERT Bit-Error Rate Test BIND Berkeley Internet Name Domain BNC British Naval Connector / Bayonet Niell- Concelman BootP Boot Protocol /Bootstrap Protocol BRI Basic Rate Interface BSD Berkeley Software Distribution CDFS CD-ROM File System CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol CIFI Common Internet File System CNAME Canonical Name CRAM-MD5 Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism Message Digest 5 CSMA / CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance CSMA / CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection CSNW Client Services for NetWare CSU Channel Service Unit db decibels DC Domain Controller DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DLC Data Link Control DNS Domain Name Service / Domain Name Server / Domain Name System DSL Digital Subscriber Line DSU Data Service Unit EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol EFS Encrypting File System EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference FAT File Allocation Table FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum FM Frequency Modulation FQDN Fully Qualified Domain Name / Fully Qualified Distunguished Name FTP File Transfer Protocol GBIC Gigabit Interface Converter Gbps Giga bits per second GPO Group Policy Object GSNW Gateway Services for NetWare HDLC High-Level Data Link Control HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTPS Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure Hz Hertz IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ICA Independent Computer Architecture ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol ICS Internet Connection Sharing IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IGMP Internet Group Multicast Protocol IIS Internet Information Server IKE Internet Key Exchange IMAP4 Internet Message Access Protocol version 4 IP Internet Protocol IPSec Internet Protocol Security IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4 IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6

34 IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange IPX / SPX Internetwork Packet Exchange / Sequence Packet Exchange IRC Internet Relay Chat ISA Industry Standard Architecture ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISM Industrial, Scientific, and Medical ISP Internet Service Provider IT Information Technology Kbps Kilobits per second L2F Layer 2 Forwarding L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol LAN Local Area Network LC Local Connector LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol LED Light Emitting Diode LLC Logical Link Control LPD Line Printer Daemon LPR Line Printer Remote MAC Media Access Control / Medium Access Control MAU Multistation Access Unit Mbps Megabits per second MBps Megabytes per second MDI Media Dependent Interface MDIX Media Dependent Interface Crossover MIB Management Information Base MMF MultiMode Fiber MSAU MultiStation Access Unit MS-CHAP Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol MT-RJ Mechanical Transfer-Registered Jack MX Mail Exchanger NAT Network Address Translation NCP NetWare Core Protocol NDS NetWare Directory Services NetBEUI Network Basic Inuput / Output Extended User Interface NetBIOS Network Basic Input / Output System NFS Network File System NIC Network Interface Card NIS Network Information Service NLM NetWare Loadable Modulue nm nanometer NNTP Network News Transport Protocol NT New Technology NTFS New Technology File System NTP Network Time Protocol OCx Optical Carrier OS Operating Systems OSI Open Systems Interconnect OSPF Open Shortest Path First OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflectometer OU Organizational Unit PAP Password Authentication Protocol PC Personal Computer PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PDC Primary Domain Controller POP3 Post Office Protocol version 3 POTS Plain Old Telephone System PPP Point-to-Point Protocol PPPoE Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol PRI Primary Rate Interface PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit QoS Quality of Service RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service RAID Redundant Array of Independent Disks / Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RAS Remote Access Service RDP Remote Desktop Protocol RFI Radio Frequency Interface RG Radio Grade RJ Registered Jack RSA Rivest, Shamir, Adelman S / MIME Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions SC Standard Connector / Subscribor Connector SCP Secure Copy Protocol SFF Small Form Factor SFTP Secure File Transfer Protocol SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol SMB Server Message Block SMF Single Mode Fiber SMS Storage Management Services SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SOA Start of Authority SOHO Small Office / Home Office SONET Synchronous Optical Network SPS Standby Power Supply SPX Sequence Packet Exchange SSH Secure Shell SSID Service Set Identifier SSL Secure Sockets Layer ST Straight Tip STP Shielded Twisted Pair T1 T-Carrier Level 1 TA Terminal Adaptor TCL Terminal Control Language TCP Transmission Control Protocol TCP / IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol tcsh turbo C shell TDR Time Domain Reflectometer TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol TTL Time to Live

35 UDP User Datagram Protocol UNC Universal Naming Convention UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply URL Uniform Resource Locator USB Universal Serial Bus UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair VLAN Virtual Local Area Network VPN Virtual Private Network WAN Wide Area Network WAP Wireless Application Protocol / Wired Access Point WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy WINS Window Internet Name Service WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access www World Wide Web XML Extensible Markup Language Zeroconf Zero Configuration

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