AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Protocols

Transcription

1 AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Protocols Edited by PRASANT MOHAPATRA University of California, Davis SRIKANTH V. KRISHNAMURTHY University of California, Riverside Springe]

2 Contents List of Figures ListofTables Contributing Authors Preface Acknowledgments XI xvii X1X xxl xxm 1 Ad Hoc Networks Mario Gerla 1.1. Introduction and Definition s Wireless Evolution Ad hoc Networks Characteristics Wireless Network Taxonomy Ad Hoc Network Applications The Battlefield? The Urban and Campus Grids: a case for opportunistic ad hoc networking Design Challenges Cross Layer In terac tion Mobility and Scaling Evaluating Ad Hoc Network Protocols - the Case for a Testbed Overview of the Chapters in this Book Conclusions 21 References 22 2 Collision Avoidance Procotols 23 /. /. Garcia-Luna-Aceves and Yu Wang 2.1. Performance of collision avoidance protocols Approximate Analysis Numerical Results Simulation Results Framework and Mechanisms for Fair Access in IEEE The Fairness Framework Topology-Aware Fair Access Simulation Results Conclusion 5^

3 vi AD HOC NETWORKS References 60 3 Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 63 Mahesh K. Marina and Samir R. Das 3.1. Introduction Flooding Efficient Flooding Techniques Proactive Routing Distance Vector Protocols Link State Protocols Performance of Proactive Protocols On-demand Routing Protocols for On-Demand Routing Optimizations for On-demand Routing Performance of On-Demand Routing Proactive Versus On-demand Debate Hybrid Approaches Location-based Routing Location -based Routing Protocols Location Service Protocols Concluding Remarks 84 References 86 4 Multicasting in Ad Hoc Networks 91 Prasant Mohapatra, Jian Li, and Chao Gui 4.1. Introduction Classifications of Protocols Dealing with Group Dynamics Dealing with Network Dynamics Multicasting Protocols Multicast Operation s of AODV (MAODV) Reliance on More Nodes Reliance on Backbone Structure Stateless Multicasting Overlay Multicasting Location Aided Multicasting Gossip-Based Multicasting Broadcasting Protocol Comparisons Network Size Network Mobility Multicast Group Size Overarching Issues Energy Efficiency Reliable Multicasting U QoS-Aware Multicasting Secure Multicasting 118

4 Contents Vll 4.7. Conclusions and Future Directions 119 References Transport Layer Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks 123 Karthikeyan Sundaresan, Seung-Jong Park, Raghupathy Sivakumar 5.1. Introduction TCP and Ad-hoc Networks TCP Background Window-based Transmissions Slow Start Loss-based Congestion Indication Linear Increase Multiplicative Decrease Dependence on ACKs and Retransmission Timeouts Absolute Impact of Losses Transport Layer for Ad-hoc Networks: Overview ModifiedTCP TCP-aware Cross-fayered Solutions Ad-hoc Transport Protocol Summary 150 References Energy Conservation 153 Robin Kravets and Cigdem Sengul 6.1. Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networks Point-to-Point Communication End-to-End Communication Idle Devices Energy Conservation Approaches Communication-Time Energy Conservation Power Control Topology Control Energy-Aware Routing Idle-time Energy Conservation Communication Device Suspension Power Management Conclusion 190 References Use of Smart Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks 197 Prashant Krishnamurthy and Srikanth Krishnamurthy 7.1. Introduction Smart Antenna Basics and Models Antennas in Brief Important Antenna Parameters Directional Antenna Models Medium Access Control with Directional Antennas The IEEE MAC Protocol in Brief

5 l AD HOC NETWORKS Directional Transmissions and the IEEE MAC protocol Directional Medium Access Control with Omni-Directional Receptions Adding directional receptions: Directional Virtual Carrier Sensing The tmpact of increased directional ränge The Multi-hop RTS MAC Protocol (MMAC) Dealing with Deal'ness: The Circular RTS message Other Collision Avoidance MAC Protocols Scheduled Medium Access Control 7.4. Routing with Directional Antennas On Demand Routing Using Directional Antennas The Impact of Directional Range on Routing A Joint MAC/Routing Approach Remarks 7.5. Broadcast with Directional Antennas Performance Issues in Broadcasting Broadcast schemes with directional antennas 7.6. Summary References QoS Issues in Ad-hoc Networks Prasun Sinha 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Definition of QoS 8.3. Physical Layer Auto Rate Fallback (ARF) Receiver-Based Auto Rate (RBAR) Opportunistic Auto Rate (OAR) 8.4. Medium Access Layer Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) Point Coordination Function (PCF) The QoS Extension: le QoS Support using DCF based Service Differentiation 8.5. QoS Routing Core Extraction based Distributed Ad-hoc Routing (CEDAR) Ticket based routing QoS at other Networking Layers Inter-Layer Design Approaches INSIGNIA Cross-Layer Design for Data Accessibility Conclusion 244 References Security in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks 249 Yongguang Zhang, Wenke Lee 9.1. Vulnerabilities of Mobi I e Ad Hoc Networks 249

6 Contents ix 9.2. Potential Attacks Attack Prevention Techniques Key and Trust Management: Preventing Extemal Attacks Secure Routing Protocols: Preventing Internal Attacks Limitations of Prevention Techniques Intrusion Detection Techniques Architecture Overview A Learning-Based Approach Case Study: Anomaly Detection forad-hoc Routing Protocols Conclusion 264 References 265 Index 269