WAN. WAN: Wide Area Network LAN (Local Area Network) WAN. OSI Layer 1 Layer 3 PLP HDLC (ITU- T), LAPB (CCITT) X.21 bis WAN X.
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1 WANX.25 LAN ALOHA CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA Wireless, Ubiquitous,.. / 1 / 2 WAN X.25 WAN WAN: Wide Area Network LAN (Local Area Network) WAN ISDN CCITT standard ITU-T standard OSI Layer 1 Layer 3 PLP HDLC (ITU- T), LAPB (CCITT) X.21 bis / 3 / 4 1
2 X.25 Network Model HDLC (1) DTE DCE PSN DTE: Data Terminal Equipment DCE: Data Circuit terminating Equipment PSE: Packet Switch Exchange PSN: Packet Switch Network PSE DCE DCE DTE DTE X.25 SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control protocol) HDLC High-speed Data Link Control protocol ITU-T/ISO ISO Standard 3309 LAPB Link Access Procedure B CCITT X.25 HDLC subset / 5 / 6 HDLC (2) ISDN X.21 bit-oriented bit-stuffing connection-oriented HDLC frame (1) Address: Control: Data: Checksum: CRC-CCITT >= address Control Data Checksum / 7 / 8 2
3 HDLC frame (2) b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 0 N(S) P/F N(R) 1 0 S P/F N(R) 1 1 M P/F N(R) HDLC frame (3) / (poll bit) (final bit) N(S) if N(R) =k: (k-1) N(S): N(R): P/F: / S: M: / 9 / 10 HDLC frame (4) HDLC frame (4) S RR N(R) RNR N(R) RR REJ N(R) Go-back-N N(R) SREJ N(R) Selective-Repeat N(R) (unnumbered frame) A SNRM(B),P UA(B),F (data transmission)... DISC(B),P UA(B),F B / 11 / 12 3
4 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) HDLC IETF PPP over SONET/SDH >= address Control Proto Data Checksum HDLC & PPP technical components Frame synchronization: bit stuffing Error detection: CRC-CCITT ARQ: Go back n, selective repeat Addressing: 8bits Link management: unnumbered frame / 13 / 14 ATM ATM Mbp (OC-3), 662Mbps (OC-12) ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode 53octet (cell) cut-through VP (Virtual Path) VC (Virtual Circuit) ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) / 15 / 16 4
5 Com. Mgmt. Model: VP & VC VP: node/nodevpi ATM Network Model Logical topology VC: node/node VCI /VC IEEE802.1q Tag VLAN / 17 / 18 ATM sub-layers Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) ATM Layer Physical Layer I/F Data Transmission VC/VP based switch routing ATM SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) OC (Optical Carrier level) OC Mbps OC Mbps OC Mbps OC Mbps OC Gbps OC-3 OC-12, OC-48,OC-192 / 19 / 20 5
6 ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) ATM AAL1 AAL2 MPEG2 AAL3/4 AAL5 ATM Forum ATM AAL5 ATM PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) VC SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit) VC LAN Emulation NBMA / 21 / 22 ATM PVC VC PVP VCVC ATM NTT MegaLink ATM ATM VC Single Mode Fiber (traffic shaper) / 23 / 24 6
7 . Ethernet LAN ATM ATM LAN / 25 / 26 LAN Shared media, multiple-access MAC: Medium Access Control medium (controlled) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) Token Passing (contention) ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD... access / 27 / 28 7
8 TDMA (1) TDMA (2) Time Division Multiple Access T N 1.5Mbps 64Kbps frame (N=8) terminal B terminal A / 29 / 30 TDMA (3) TDMA TDMAATM TDMA TDMA STM (Synchronous transfer mode) TDMALAN ATM LAN TDMA asynchronous transfer mode) / 31 / 32 8
9 Pure ALOHA (1) ALOHA System uplink downlink RTT (Round Trip Time) ACK [0,K] : r r Pure ALOHA (2) K / 33 / 34 slotted ALOHA pure ALOHA 18.4%6.8% CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access RTT/2 / 35 / 36 9
10 CSMA 1-persistent CSMA Channel idle p-persisitent CSMA Channel idle nonpersistent CSMA Channel idle CSMA/CD CSMA with Collision Detection Ethernet binary backoff backoff timer Ethernet: unslotted 1-persistent CSMA/CD / 37 / 38 Token Passing (Token Bus), (Token Ring) FDDI Token Passing (token) token holding timer token bus, token ring Pure ALOHA Token Ring TDMA Slotted ALOHA CSMA CSMA/CD (Ethernet) FDDI ATM / 39 / 40 10
11 Unslotted 1-persistent CSMA/CD (Ethernet) Token Ring CSMA/CD Token Ring Ethernet (IEEE802.3 family) / 41 / 42 Ethernet CSMA/CD LAN IEEE Mbps, 1500octet MTU LAN 10Base5, 10Base2 UTP10BaseT Fast Ethernet 100Mbps Ethernet UTP/CAT5 10Mbps Ethernet Bidirectional 100BaseT Auto-sense / Auto-negotiation 10BaseT/100BaseT, Unidirectional / Bidirectional / 43 / 44 11
12 Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE802.3z) 1Gbps 1Gbps 1000Base-SX (), 1000Base-LX () IEEE802.3z NIC Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE802.3ab) Gigabit Ethernet 1000Base-T UTP1Gbps ethernet, 100m / 45 / 46 Ethernet Family Fast Ethernet 10BaseT 10BaseT ATM Ethernet Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Data Rate 10Mbps 100Mbps 1Gbps CAT 5 UTP 100m 100m 100m (CAT5+/6) STP/Coax 500m 100m N/A Multi-mode Fiber 2Km 412m (hd*) 2Km (fd*) 550m Single-mode Fiber 25Km 20Km > 5Km / 47 *IEEE half duplex/full duplex ) IEEE 802.3z / 48 12
13 Ethernet 6 octet (48 bit) IEEE3 3 IEEE MAC address 00:a0:cc:7c:47:16 Assigned by IEEE Assigned by vendor 00 a0 cc 7c Gbps Ethernet IEEE802.3ae IEEE WANLAN WAN PHY SONET SONET/SDH 300m, 850nm 10km, 1310nm 40km, 1550nm LAN PHY Ethernet 300m, 850nm 10km, 1310nm 40km, 1550nm 10km, 1310nm 10GBASE-LR (1310nm) 10GBASE-EX4(1550nm WWDM 10Km 50Km / 49 / an: 10GBASE-T Category 6, 6A, 7 LAN 802.3aq: 10BASE-LRM 10Gbps ethernet 40Gbps ethernet 100Gbps ethernet / 51 / 52 13
14 xdsl xdsl ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 3Mbps, 8Mbps, 12Mbps VDSL: Very high bit rate Digital Subscriber Line 2 25Mbps 50Mbps SDSL: Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line HDSL: High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line / 53 DSLAM CPE aggregator / 54 Peripheral Bus HIPPI (800Mbps/32bit, 1.6Gbps/64bit) FibreChannel (FC) (266Mbps, ) Myrinet ( max 4Gbps) SCI (6.4Gbps and higher) IEEE1394 ( 100Mbps 400Mbps): firewire E I/F Opt I/F Ethernet family WDM Wave-Division Multiplex ( ) ( ) SONET OC-48 8 WDM 16: D-WDM (Dense WDM) (1024) 8: C-WDM (Coarse WDM) 4: W-WDM (Wide WDM) WDM OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum) AT&T NTTKDD 1024DWDM IP over ATM over SONET/SDH over WDM IP over WDM / 55 / 56 14
15 D-WDM: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing MPLS Multi Protocol Label Switching Layer-2, Layer-3 MPLS L3 OC48(2.4G), OC192(9.6G)., OC768(40G) / 57 / 58 GMPLS Generalized MPLS Multi Protocol Lambda Switching MPLS GMPLS IP RFC 3471~3473 (as standards) (Jan, 2003) RENA (Resonant Communication Network Architecture, NTT) IEEE Wireless Ethernet a: 54Mbps / 5.7GHz b: 11Mbps / 2.4GHz g: 50Mbps / 2.4GHz SS WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) x ex: BlueTooth, / 59 / 60 15
16 IEEE IEEE IEEE IEEE / 61 / 62 IEEE IEEE (Wireless Personal Area Networks) Bluetooth IEEE UWB IEEE a ZigBee IEEE IEEE IEEE (Broadband Wireless Access Standards) Metropolitan Area Network MHz(28MHz) 10km(50km)» (IEEE 802.e 2 3km) (120km/h) (IEEE ) (IEEE e) I802.11j() IEEE802.11m(IMT-Advanced ) / 63 / 64 16
17 IEEE IEEE IEEE (Resilient Packet Ring) SONSynchronous Optical NETwork Spatially Aware Sublayer (802.17b) IEEE (Radio Regulatory TAG) IEEE (Coexistence Technical Advisory) IEEE IEEE IEEE Metropolitan Area Network Fast ARQ(Automatic Repeat Request) make before break IEEE802.11e IEEE MIH(Media Independent Handover) WiFi WiMAX / 65 / 66 IEEE IEEE Point to Multipoint WWAN WMAN WLAN WPAN / 67 / 68 17
18 Switched media Bridges VLAN Broadband wireless, residential access, etc. / 69 / 70 shared media switched media LAN Processor Interconnect medium Switched media (switched media) (shared media) access Non-blocking crossbar switch Shared media Wireless LAN Voice Video (MPEG2) Video (MotionJPEG) Switched media Ethernet Voice Video (MPEG2) Video (MotionJPEG) Video (D1) Video (HD D1) / 71 / 72 18
19 Bridges LAN Coverage, capacity 00m Bridge basics: Transparent bridge Transparent bridge MAC Promiscuous: forwarding table A C Transparent bridge E G 1 2 km B D Fwd to 1 Fwd to 2 F A, B, C, D E, F, G, H H / 73 / 74 Learning bridge MAC (flooding) MAC A C E G Loops in learning bridges AG? A 1 2 D 3 6 B C F 9 G B D 1 2 F / 75 H 8 10 E / 76 19
20 Spanning tree bridges Spanning tree A G VLAN Single medium, multiple-network installation 1D 3D 2D B 4R 6A 5D. D 7D C F R: root port D: designated port 9D A: alternative port 8D E 10R / 77 / 78 20
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