ETSF05 Internet Protocols. Layer 1 and 2
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1 ETSF05 Internet Protocols Layer 1 and 2
2 Parallell transmission ETSF05 Internet Protocols 5
3 Serial transmission ETSF05 Internet Protocols 6
4 Transmission modes Asynchronous Synchronous ETSF05 Internet Protocols 7
5 Multiplexing, princip 1 link, n channels n inputs MUX DEMUX n outputs Figure 8.1 Multiplexing ETSF05 Internet Protocols 8
6 Multiplexing in time/frequency ETSF05 Internet Protocols 9
7 Synkron TDM m 1 (t) m 2 (t) Buffer Buffer m 1 (t) m 2 (t) Scan Operation m c (t) Modem s(t) m n (t) Buffer m n (t) TDM stream modulated TDM stream (a) Transmitter Frame Frame 1 2 N 1 2 n Time slot: may be empty or occupied (b) TDM Frames Buffer m 1 (t) s(t) Modem m c (t) Scan Operation Buffer m 2 (t) modulated TDM stream TDM stream Buffer m n (t) (c) Receiver Figure 8.6 Synchronous TDM System ETSF05 Internet Protocols 10
8 TDM Link Control Data link control protocols not needed Time is control parameter No headers and trailers Flow control Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed If one channel receiver can not receive data, the others must carry on. The corresponding source must be turned off, leaving empty slots for a while. Error control Errors handled on individual channel ETSF05 Internet Protocols 11
9 Synchronisation Problem of synchronizing various data sources Variation among clocks could cause loss of synchronization Issue of data rates from different sources not related by a simple rational number Pulse Stuffing is a common solution Have outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than sum of incoming rates Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming signal until it matches local clock Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and removed at demultiplexer ETSF05 Internet Protocols 12
10 Synchronisation Problem of synchronizing various data sources E.g. variation or drift in clocks Common solution: Pulse stuffing Outgoing data rate higher than sum of incoming rates Stuff extra pulses (or bits) at predefined positions in the outgoing sequence Pulses identified at the receiver, which can be used to synchronize with the transmitter. ETSF05 Internet Protocols 13
11 Control of tranmission Simplex One way transmission Half duplex Two way transmission, but not simultaneously Full duplex Two way transmission ETSF05 Internet Protocols 15
12 Duplexing FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) Separate Up-link and Down-link in frequency band TDD (Time Division Duplexing) Separate Up-link and Down-link in time slots Electrical duplexing Up and Down signals separated electrically using a hybrid circuit at both ends ETSF05 Internet Protocols 16
13 Duplexing ETSF05 Internet Protocols 17
14 Point-to-point protocol (PPP) Direct connection between two nodes Internet access Home user to ISP Telephone line Cable TV PPP ETSF05 Internet Protocols 18
15 State transitions in PPP We need more protocols LCP Link Control (LCP) Data Transfer Authentication Network Control (NCP) ETSF05 Internet Protocols 19
16 PPP frame format Support for several (sub)protocols Address & control not used Maximum payload 1500 bytes ETSF05 Internet Protocols 20
17 Link control protocol (LCP) Establish Configure Terminate Link Configuration Link Termination Monitoring and Debugging ETSF05 Internet Protocols 21
18 Authentication protocols (AP) Password authentication (PAP) ETSF05 Internet Protocols 22
19 Authentication protocols (AP) Challenge handshake authentication (CHAP) ETSF05 Internet Protocols 23
20 Network control protocols (NCP) Preparations for the network layer IPCP for Internet ETSF05 Internet Protocols 24
21 IP datagram encapsulation in PPP ETSF05 Internet Protocols 25
22 PPP session example ETSF05 Internet Protocols 26
23 PPP session example (cont d) ETSF05 Internet Protocols 27
24 SONET/SDH Synchronous Optical Network (ANSI) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU-T) High speed capability of optical fiber Defines hierarchy of signal rates Synchronous Transport Signal level 1 (STS-1) or Optical Carrier level 1 (OC-1) is 51.84Mbps Carries one DS-3 or multiple (DS1 DS1C DS2) plus ITU-T rates (e.g., 2.048Mbps) Multiple STS-1 combine into STS-N signal ITU-T lowest rate is Mbps (STM-1) ETSF05 Internet Protocols 28
25 Digital hierarchy on optical links ETSF05 Internet Protocols 30
26 Table 8.4 SONET/SDH Signal Hierarchy SONET Designation ITU-T Designation Data Rate Payload Rate (Mbps) STS-1/OC Mbps Mbps STS-3/OC-3 STM Mbps Mbps STS-12/OC-12 STM Mbps Mbps STS-48/OC-48 STM Gbps Gbps STS-192/OC-192 STM Gbps Gbps STS-768 STM Gbps Gbps STS Gbps Gbps ETSF05 Internet Protocols 31
27 SONET frames Proportional to data rates ETSF05 Internet Protocols 32
28 SONET frames in transmission ETSF05 Internet Protocols 33
29 Network architecture Devices and connections ETSF05 Internet Protocols 35
30 Network architecture Devices and layers Data link layer Physical layer ETSF05 Internet Protocols 36
31 SONET add/drop multiplexer Replaces a signal with another one Operates at line layer Similar to a switch Interleaving Interleaving ETSF05 Internet Protocols 37
32 Multiplexing and byte interleaving Interleaving ETSF05 Internet Protocols 38
33 Automatic protection switching Failure protection through line redundancy ETSF05 Internet Protocols 40
34 Ring SONET topology ETSF05 Internet Protocols 41
35 Mesh SONET topology Better scalability Multiplexing/demultiplexing at switches ETSF05 Internet Protocols 42
36 Ethernet IEEE Original: 10BASE Mbps, Baseband, 500 meters Coax as shared resource (collision domain) ETSF05 Internet Protocols 43
37 Ethernet evolution (selection) Fast Ethernet (10 or 100 Mbps) 10BASE-T 802.3i 1990 TP, cat3- Start network RJ45 (8P8U) 10BASE-F 802.3j 1993 Fiber (MM) Star network 100BASE-Tx 802.3u 1995 TP, cat3-2 pairs, one each direction MLT-3 100BASE-Fx 802.3u 1995 Fiber (MM) 2 fibers Gibabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps) 1000BASE-X 802.3z 1998 Fiber (MM/SM) 1000BASE-T 802.3ab 1999 TP, cat5- PAM-5 ETSF05 Internet Protocols 44
38 Ethernet evolution (selection) 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 Gbps) 10GBASE-SR, etc 802.3ae 2002 Fiber (SM/MM) 10GBASE-T 2006 TP, cat6- PAM 10GBASE-PR Fiber PON 100 Gibabit Ethernet (40 or 100 Gbps) 40GBASE-LR4 100GBASE-LR ba 2011 Fiber (SM) 10km WDM 40GBASE-T 802.3bq 2016 TP, cat8-16-pam 100G EPON 802.3ca 2019 (TBD) FIber WDM-PON (?) ETSF05 Internet Protocols 45
39 Fiber topologies P2P P2MP (PON) WDM ETSF05 Internet Protocols 46
40 Fiber topologies P2P (e.g. Ethernet) A B P2MP (e.g. EPON, GPON) B1 A S B2 B3 B ETSF05 Internet Protocols 47
41 Fiber topologies WDM(e.g. 100GBASE-LR4, WDM-PON) A B B1 A S B2 B ETSF05 Internet Protocols 48
42 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Link between subscriber (home) and network Uses existing twisted pair cable Is Asymmetric - higher downstream than upstream Uses Frequency Division Multiplexing Reserve lowest 25kHz for voice (POTS) Uses echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands ETSF05 Internet Protocols 49
43 Discrete Multitone (DMT) Bits per hertz Line Gain Bits per hertz Frequency Frequency Frequency Figure 8.15 DMT Bits per Channel Allocation Multiple carrier signals at different frequencies Divide into 4kHz sub-channels Test and use subchannels with better SNR ETSF05 Internet Protocols 51
44 Discrete Multitone (DMT) cos 2 f 1 t x 1 (t) 1 R bps QAM x 2 (t) 2 R bps QAM binary input x(t) R bps serial-to-parallel converter cos 2 f 2 t DMT signal out y(t) 0 i 1 i = 1 f i+1 = f i + 4 khz x n (t) n R bps cos 2 f n t QAM QAM=QuadratureAmplitude Modulation ETSF05 Internet Protocols 52
45 Discrete Multitone (DMT) QAM QAM Data P/S QAM I F F T S/P CP Signal QAM ETSF05 Internet Protocols 53
46 Internet Home Wireless LAN Router ATM switch Wireless modem Wireless modem Wireless modem/ router DSLAM G.DMT modem Set-top box Splitter Splitter Voice switch Telephone Customer Premises PSTN Central Office ATM = Asynchronous Transfer Mode DSLAM = Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer PSTN = Public Switched Telephone Network G.DMT = G Discrete Multitone Figure 8.17 DSL Broadband Access ETSF05 Internet Protocols 54
47 xdsl access ADSL2+ VDSL2 G.fast ITU-T G G G.9700 G.9701 (2014) Frequency band 25 k 2.2 MHz 25 k 17 MHz ( 8,12,17,30) 30 M 100 MHz (30 M 200 MHz) Data rate U/D: 2/24 Mbps ~100 Mbps ~500 Mbps (~1 Gbps) Distance 0 7 km km m ETSF05 Internet Protocols 56
48 WLAN and WiFi IEEE Trådlöst Ethernet Tre konfigurationsprinciper ETSF05 Internet Protocols 57
49 System med en accesspunkt ETSF05 Internet Protocols 58
50 System med flera accesspunkter ETSF05 Internet Protocols 59
51 Ad Hoc (ingen accesspunkt) ETSF05 Internet Protocols 60
52 Wireless LAN Requirements Throughput Number of nodes Connection to backbone LAN Service area (typical diameter m) Battery power consumption Transmission robustness and security Collocated network operation License-free operation (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) Hand over/roaming Dynamic configuration ETSF05 Internet Protocols 61
53 Wi-Fi Alliance Need for standardization Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) Industry consortium formed in 1999 Renamed the Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Alliance Created a test suite to certify interoperability for products ETSF05 Internet Protocols 62
54 Table 13.1 Key IEEE Standards Standard IEEE a IEEE b IEEE c IEEE d IEEE e IEEE g IEEE i IEEE n IEEE T IEEE ac IEEE ad Scope Physical layer: 5-GHz OFDM at rates from 6 to 54 Mbps Physical layer: 2.4-GHz DSSS at 5.5 and 11 Mbps Bridge operation at MAC layer Physical layer: Extend operation of WLANs to new regulatory domains (countries) MAC: Enhance to improve quality of service and enhance security mechanisms Physical layer: Extend b to data rates >20 Mbps MAC: Enhance security and authentication mechanisms Physical/MAC: Enhancements to enable higher throughput Recommended practice for the evaluation of wireless performance Physical/MAC: Enhancements to support Gbps in 5-GHz band Physical/MAC: Enhancements to support 1 Gbps in the 60- GHz band ETSF05 Internet Protocols 63 (Table can be found on page 424 in the textbook)
55 Table 13.2 IEEE Terminology Access point (AP) Basic service set (BSS) Coordination function Distribution system (DS) Extended service set (ESS) Frame MAC protocol data unit (MPDU) MAC service data unit (MSDU) Station Any entity that has station functionality and provides access to the distribution system via the wireless medium for associated stations A set of stations controlled by a single coordination function The logical function that determines when a station operating within a BSS is permitted to transmit and may be able to receive PDUs A system used to interconnect a set of BSSs and integrated LANs to create an ESS A set of one or more interconnected BSSs and integrated LANs that appear as a single BSS to the LLC layer at any station associated with one of these BSSs Synonym for MAC protocol data unit The unit of data exchanged between two peer MAC entities using the services of the physical layer Information that is delivered as a unit between MAC users Any device that contains an IEEE conformant MAC and physical layer ETSF05 Internet Protocols 64 (Table can be found on page 424 in the textbook)
56 Medium Access Control Reliable data delivery Access control MAC layer covers three functional areas: Security ETSF05 Internet Protocols 67
57 Reliable Data Delivery Can be dealt with at a higher layer More efficient to deal with errors at MAC level includes frame exchange protocol Station receiving frame returns acknowledgment (ACK) frame Exchange treated as atomic unit If no ACK within short period of time, retransmit physical and MAC layers unreliable Includes a CRC Error detection results in loss of frames ETSF05 Internet Protocols 68
58 Hidden Node/Station Problem ETSF05 Internet Protocols 69
59 Four Frame Exchange RTS alerts all stations within range of source that exchange is under way CTS alerts all stations within range of destination Other stations don t transmit to avoid collision RTS/CTS exchange is a required function of MAC but may be disabled Can use four-frame exchange for better reliability Source issues a Request to Send (RTS) frame Destination responds with Clear to Send (CTS) After receiving CTS, source transmits data Destination responds with ACK ETSF05 Internet Protocols 70
60 LOGICAL LINK CONTROL (LLC) MAC layer Contention-free service Point Coordination Function (PCF) Contention service Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) PHYSICAL LAYER (802.11a, b, g, n, ac, ad) Figure 13.5 IEEE Protocol Architecture ETSF05 Internet Protocols 71
61 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) Wait for frame to transmit DCF sublayer uses CSMA algorithm Medium idle? Yes No Does not include a collision detection function because it is not practical on a wireless network Includes a set of delays that amounts as a priority scheme Wait IFS Still idle? Yes Transmit frame No Wait until current transmission ends Wait IFS Still idle? Yes Exponential backoff while medium idle Transmit frame No ETSF05 Internet Figure Protocols 13.6 IEEE Medium Access Control Logic 72
62 Priority IFS Values SIFS (short IFS) PIFS (point coordination function IFS) DIFS (distributed coordination function IFS) For all immediate response actions Used by the centralized controller in PCF scheme when issuing polls Used as minimum delay for asynchronous frames contending for access ETSF05 Internet Protocols 73
63 MAC octets 2 Frame Control ramformat 2 6 Duration/ID Address 1 Två ramtyper Kontroll Data Notera fyra adressfält! Source Destination Transmitter Receiver BSSID (addr AP) Address 2 Address 3 Sequence Control Address 4 QoS Control High Throughput Control Frame Check Sequence (FCS) MAC header Always present Present only in certain frame types and subtypes Figure 13.8 IEEE MAC Frame Format ETSF05 Internet Protocols 74
64 Table 13.4 IEEE Physical Layer Standards Standard a b g n ac ad Year introduced Maximum data transfer speed Frequency band Channel bandwidth Highest order modulation Spectrum usage Antenna configuration Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 65 to 600 Mbps 2.4 or 5 GHz 20, 40 MHz 78 Mbps to 3.2 Gbps 6.76 Gbps 5 GHz 60 GHz 40, 80, 160 MHz 2160 MHz 64 QAM 11 CCK 64 QAM 64 QAM 256 QAM 64 QAM DSSS OFDM DSSS, OFDM SISO 1 1 SISO 1 1 SISO Up to 4 4 MIMO OFDM SC-OFDM SC, OFDM Up to 8 8 MIMO, MU- MIMO 1 1 SISO (Table is on page 436 in textbook) ETSF05 Internet Protocols 75
65 25 Throughput (Mbps) n g Simultaneous users/ap ac (2013) Multi-user MIMO: 430 Mbps/spatial stream ax (est 2018) Figure Average Throughput per User ETSF05 Internet Protocols 76
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