International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume XI, Issue IX, September 17, ISSN

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1 TRAFFIC CONGESTION MANAGEMENT AND FOREWARNING FOR PATH AVERTION R.Sushma Sree 1, C.Geetha Rashmi 2, Dr. S.N. Singh 3 1,2,3 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur (India) sushmasree28@gmail.com 1, geetharashmi97@gmail.com 2, snsingh.ece@nitjsr.ac.in 3 ABSTRACT We have often been a victim of unwanted long time delay during the traffic light switch over especially when the traffic is very low on the remaining sides and sometimes not knowing the traffic jam ahead we proceed to get stuck in it. Our project objectively aims at reducing the traffic congestion and also warning beforehand. This innovative project is made so as to keep a track of the vehicles in each road and accordingly adjust the time for each traffic light signals at the traffic signal of present and the former. The problem with the present traffic system is that for every minute the vehicles at the 4-way road will be heavy and the traffic lights shall be changed to each side for some fixed time. Even though there are no vehicles at particular side, the traffic signals will glow for given fixed time. As a result, there is waste of time, blockage of roads, heavy air pollution. And also the other side vehicles have to wait for the time to complete the process. So in order to reduce the wastage of time, we have proposed to design a system that can be implemented to control the traffic based on the and heavy flow of the vehicles at any particular side of cross road and to notify about the traffic ahead we use another set of lights in the former. The project is an automated way of controlling signals in accordance to the of traffic in the roads. IR sensors are placed on the 4 roads at fixed distances on both sides of each road away from the traffic control display board placed at the junction. The time delay in the traffic signal is set using IR sensors which measure the traffic. The action is initiated on real time basis that are interfaced to the microcontroller. Based on output of these sensors, controller detects the traffic and controls the timing of traffic system and also notifies the scenario to the surrounding s. This will save fuel also and play a role in increasing the economic growth of our country. Keywords : Traffic control, IR Sensor, Traffic, Micro controller R.Sushma Sree, C.Geetha Rashmi, Dr.S.N.Singh 1

2 TRAFFIC CONGESTION MANAGEMENT AND FOREWARNING FOR PATH AVERTION [1] INTRODUCTION In early days people started using vehicles specially in urban and semi urban areas to move from one place to other, roads were also increased but with limited number only. With the increase of population, use of vehicles and the traffic became dense on these roads. Thus there was a need to control the traffic for safe movement of persons on these roads. In the early stages the traffic was controlled manually by a person so called Traffic Police who would be present at multiple approach tuning point at junction of 2/4 ways roads. Decisions were given manually to allow traffic to move from one direction to other direction and later semi automatic system were introduced with traffic control devices to regulate, warn, or guide traffic for movement of traffic on street, highway, pedestrian by authority of a public agency[1]. The control of traffic at road junction, which was done purely by human effort and support of semi automatic devices, proved to be inefficient and road accident were observed specially in absence of traffic police very frequently. Subsequently with the advent of Microprocessor Technology [1 2 ] the automatic system was proposed by scientist and engineers providing fixed times for each of traffic control irrespective of the traffic present in the four sides at the junction of roads. This created a problem where the traffic light become green for the side where there is less traffic and this results in wastage of time especially when one side is busy. Thus need was felt for the automatic and dynamic traffic light control system that can control traffic signals based on of traffic [3]. The proposed system is an intelligent automatic system which regulates dynamically not only the timing of signals based on of traffic on a particular side of a road in city or town, but also save a lot of fuel, which in turn can lend support in the economic growth of country and also contribute in decrease of pollution that can be caused by the vehicles when stuck in traffic. [2] MICROCONTROLLER Our present proposal is a system where Microcontroller is interfaced with LEDs and IR sensors. For making a prototype traffic control system, we have made the system on breadboard using microcontroller and IR Sensors. The microcontroller that has been used is ARDUINO-UNO (ATMEGA328) R.Sushma Sree, C.Geetha Rashmi, Dr.S.N.Singh 2

3 Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATMEGA 328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; It can be simply connected to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform. Power The Arduino/Genuino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-usb) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may become unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows: Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7-12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it. 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current drawn is 50 ma. GND. Ground pins. IOREF. This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V. Memory The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library). Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pin Mode (), digital Write (), and digital Read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 ma as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by R.Sushma Sree, C.Geetha Rashmi, Dr.S.N.Singh 3

4 TRAFFIC CONGESTION MANAGEMENT AND FOREWARNING FOR PATH AVERTION default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. In addition, some pins have specialized functions as follows : Serial : 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega 8 U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip. External Interrupts : 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt() function for details. PWM :. Provide 8-bit PWM output (Pin 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11) with the analog Write() function. SPI : 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. LED : 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. TWI : A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the Analog Reference () function. There are a couple of other pins on the board :- AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with Analog Reference (). RESET. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically this Pin is used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board [3] TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Microcontroller Operating Voltage Input (recommended) Voltage ATmega328P 5V 7-12V Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V Digital I/O Pins PWM Digital I/O Pins 6 Analog Input Pins 6 DC Current per I/O Pin DC Current for 3.3V Pin Flash Memory SRAM EEPROM Clock Speed 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output) 20 ma 50 ma 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader 2 KB (ATmega328P) 1 KB (ATmega328P) 16 MHz R.Sushma Sree, C.Geetha Rashmi, Dr.S.N.Singh 4

5 LED_BUILTIN 13 Length 68.6 mm Width 53.4 mm Weight 25 g [4] LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED) The positive side of the LED is called the anode and is marked by having a longer lead, or leg. The other, negative side of the LED is called the cathode. Current flows from the anode to the cathode and never the opposite direction. A reversed LED can keep an entire circuit from operating properly by blocking current flow The long leg of the LED was connected to the one end of the resistor. And the other end of the resistor is interfaced with the ARDUINO board. The short leg of the LED (the negative leg, called the cathode) can be connected to the GND. We connect the LED s in the following way on the microcontroller:- Red light 1 R1 DIGITAL port 5 Green light 1 G1 DIGITAL port 6 Red light 2 R2 DIGITAL port 13 Green light 2 G2 DIGITAL port 4 Red light 3 R3 DIGITAL port 7 Green light 3 G3 DIGITAL port 11 Red light 4 R4 DIGITAL port 8 Green light 4 G4 DIGITAL port 10 Yellow light for a behind 1 DIGITAL port 3 Yellow light for a behind 2 DIGITAL port 9 Yellow light for a behind 3 DIGITAL port 12 Fig :Traffic light signal at Road Junction R.Sushma Sree, C.Geetha Rashmi, Dr.S.N.Singh 5

6 TRAFFIC CONGESTION MANAGEMENT AND FOREWARNING FOR PATH AVERTION [5] IR SENSOR: An infrared sensor emits and/or detects infrared radiation to sense its surroundings.ir sensor contains IR transmitter IR receiver (photodiode) in itself. The basic concept of an Infrared Sensor which is used as Obstacle detector is to transmit an infrared signal, this infrared signal bounces from the surface of an object and the signal is received at the infrared receiver. We use IR sensors to design an intelligent traffic control system. As the vehicle passes through these IR sensors, the IR sensor will detect the vehicle & will send the information to the microcontroller. The output of the IR Sensor is taken by the analog ports of the microcontroller The IR Sensors have three pins : Vcc, O/P, GND. Pin Vcc : The IR Sensors need power to operate.a wire from the supply pin VCC of the microcontroller is given to the bread board and the IR Sensor s Vcc pins and connected so as to get the power. IR Sensors are connected using male to female wires Pin O/P : This is the output pin which is given to ANALOG pins on the microcontroller as follows. These connections can be directly done on the microcontroller without the use of the bread board Pin GND : The ground pins are given ground on the breadboard using wires 3 IR Sensors for 1 3 IR Sensors for 2 3 IR Sensors for 3 3 IR Sensors for 4 PROGRAMING OUTPUT Once the programming code has been written the compilation of the code in Ardiuno software was done to observe any errors and on getting the result free from any error, code was uploaded to the ARDUINO board. [6.A] WORKING In our present proposed system the connections are made in such a way that the traffic control at present and the forewarning of traffic at the behind takes place at the same time. The IR Sensors are placed on roads in such a way that the IR Sensor detects the traffic. We setup three points to place IR Sensors. POINT 1 A place where an IR Sensor is placed to detect low of vehicles POINT 2 A place where an IR Sensor is placed to detect normal of vehicles POINT 3 A place where an IR Sensor is placed to detect high of vehicles If the vehicles are present upto the point 1, this implies less number of vehicles on road and the green led of that glows for only 30 seconds. If the vehicles are present upto the point 2, this implies medium number of vehicles on road and the green led of that glows for 60 seconds. R.Sushma Sree, C.Geetha Rashmi, Dr.S.N.Singh 6

7 If the vehicles are stagnated upto the point 3, this implies high traffic jam and the green led of that glows for a whole of 90 seconds. Whenever an IR Sensor glows high it notifies the ARDUINO through the input port about its behavior. The green LED s at the traffic post which normally glows for 60 seconds after detection of HIGH input from IR Sensors now glow for 90 seconds. Which means the green traffic light, for a congested glows for time that is more than the normal time which lets more number of vehicles to pass out from that jammed. For s with low of vehicles the green light glows for only 30 seconds which is calculated to be sufficient for the vehicles to pass. For the where the IR Sensor input is detected to be high there goes a notification of traffic to the traffic post behind the same. We put another traffic light separately at that which is clearly visible to the vehicles that indicates the traffic in the ahead which in turn can reduce the traffic by making the vehicles aware of traffic ahead so that they can avert their path to avoid getting stuck in the traffic jam In our present traffic light system it is not possible to see the traffic lights from a long distance. And when we encounter a scenario of high traffic, the vehicles stuck in the traffic simply follow the vehicles ahead to reach the signal post.and when this happens the urge to cross the signal increases and sometimes even after the red signal indication, vehicles try to cross their s, which in turn result in major accidents at the cross roads. To overcome this problem our proposed system on the basis of calculations, set up a point where if vehicles are detected to be stagnated can be declared as heavy of traffic and place IR Sensor 3. At the same point we place a one traffic light post to stop the vehicles. That is unless the vehicles before IR Sensor 3 pass, the remaining vehicles from the sub traffic post are stopped. This way only estimated number of vehicles will cross the roads for given time of 90 seconds. By adapting this the wastage of fuel that takes place while moving just centimeters in a traffic jam can be reduced and dangerous accidents can be totally decreased [6.B] ALGORITHM 1. The system operates detecting the IR Sensors 2. If IR sensor 3 is high then the green signal glows for 90 seconds 3. If IR sensor 3 is not high then IR sensor 2 is checked, if it is high then the green signal glows for 60 seconds 4. If IR sensors 3 and 2 are not high and IR sensor 1 is checked, if it is high then the green signal glows for 30 seconds 5. After IR sensor 3 is high the signal is sent to the previous indicating traffic in the present 6. Now the signal turns red and waits for its turn after the other three s give their green signal turn by turn [7] LIMITATIONS Path aversions may not be feasible in every place Stray signals that may alter the reading of sensor receptors and lead to conveying false information to the microcontroller. R.Sushma Sree, C.Geetha Rashmi, Dr.S.N.Singh 7

8 TRAFFIC CONGESTION MANAGEMENT AND FOREWARNING FOR PATH AVERTION [8] ADVANTAGES No manual inspection is required. Problem of traffic can be automatically decreased to some extent. This system can be proven to be more beneficial for busy urban traffic cross roads Path aversions can be adapted by people after knowing the traffic ahead which can contribute to the decrease in congestion of vehicles at traffic post Though cameras are installed to inspect if anyone is crossing even after the red light indication one can do nothing if life is lost because of mistakes. Major accidents at cross roads can be easily decreased by adapting our proposed model. Fuel can be saved which in turn contribute to the increase in economic growth of our country Pollution can be reduced. [9] ADVANCEMENTS The system can be given an option of switching for the purpose of security. That is to change from automated to manual mode or from manual mode to automated mode. [10] RESULT Case study of cross roads 11,telco colony, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. (The normal duration for green signal to glow is 60 seconds) Time Day 6am- 8am Timing of green signal Increase d to 90 sec at 3 Timing of green signal decreas ed to 30 sec at 1,2,4 Forewarning At Sub- Sub- 3 8am- 10am 10am- 12pm 12pm- 2pm Not increase d in any 2,4 2,4 Not decreas ed in any No warning Sub- 2,4 1 3 Sub- 1 R.Sushma Sree, C.Geetha Rashmi, Dr.S.N.Singh 8

9 2pm- 4pm 4pm- 6pm 6pm- 8pm 8pm- 10pm 1,3 Not increase d in any 2,4 Not increase d in any Not decreas ed in any 1,3 1,3 1,3 Sub- 1,3 No warning Sub- 2,4 No warning R.Sushma Sree, C.Geetha Rashmi, Dr.S.N.Singh 9

10 TRAFFIC CONGESTION MANAGEMENT AND FOREWARNING FOR PATH AVERTION [11] CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK A prototype Traffic light controller has been proposed in this project. The use of microcontroller with programmable facility offers the unique feature of the system. The PV supply to this system will ensure 24x7 power supply for working of the system. The system finds its application in populated urban area of a city. The GSM technology if incorporated with the system may integrate the control of traffic at all the road junctions with remote programming technology. Aim of the project is to design a based traffic control system interfaced with GSM technology. [12] ACKNOWLEGEMENT The author thanks to NIT Jamshedpur to provide the computing facility to formulate the project and the advices as received time to time during the project work from our faculty motivated us to formulate our idea and give it a proper structure.we have been greatly encouraged by our college to think out of the box and it also provided us with a platform to improve our skills REFERENCES [1]. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) is approved by the Federal way Administrator as the National Standard [2]. Ganiyu R. A., Arulogun O. T., Okediran O. Development of A Microcontroller-Based Traffic Light System for Road Intersection Control, International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research Vol 3, May 2014 [3]. Expert systems with applications : Vol 34, issue 4, May 2008, pages [4]. Intelligent Traffic Signal Control System Using Embedded System by Dinesh Rotake and Prof.SwapniliKarmore, Innovative Systems Design And Engineering, ISSN (paper) ISSN (online), Vol. 3, No. 5, [5]. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014 Density Based Traffic Signal System by K.Vidhya, A.BazilaBanu. [6]. Arduino Microcontroller Processing for Everyone!.Third Edition,Steven F. Barrett University of Wyoming R.Sushma Sree, C.Geetha Rashmi, Dr.S.N.Singh 10

11 Author[s] brief Introdution Shiva Nand Singh obtained his Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from BIT Mesra (a Deemed university), Ranchi, and Jharkhand, India in 1980 and the M.Tech degree in Electrical Engineering from Ranchi University, Jharkhand, India, in He had received PhD degree at the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India in He had published more than 80 papers in National and International Journals based on his research and related field. He remained Head of Department of Electronics and Communication Engg., NIT, Jamshedpur for three terms and also assigned additional responsibility at various key positions in the Institute. He has represented AICTE Inspection team, and a member of Expert Team of NELIT, NIOS and much other university etc. He is member of Editorial Board of International journals and chaired sessions in International Conference abroad also. He is Co-ordinator of Govt. of India sponsored VLSI SMDP-C2SD Project of Govt of India at National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. Presently, he is the Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT, Jamshedpur. His current research interest includes Solar Technology, VLSI, Microwave Antenna and Communication Systems Engineering, Industrial Electronics and Drives. Ms. R.Sushma Sree is pursuing B.Tech.(Hons) in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering in National Institute of Technology (An Autonomous Institution under MHRD, Govt. of India) Jamshedpur (India). Her area of interest includes innovative projects based on microcontrollers. She achieved 2 nd and 3 rd positions back to back two years for her projects on microcontrollers in OJASS 16 and OJASS 17 She had done many projects on microcontrollers. She is an active member of various societies and also a member of the Society of Electronics and Communication Engineering. She is a leading volunteer in an NGO named Sankalp- A pledge to change. She is now looking forward to publish papers based on the projects. Ms.C.Geetha Rashmi is pursuing B.Tech.(Hons) in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering in National Institute of Technology (An Autonomous Institution under MHRD, Govt. of India) Jamshedpur (India). Her area of interest includes innovative projects based on microcontrollers. She achieved 2 nd and 3 rd positions back to back two years for her projects on microcontrollers in OJASS 16 and OJASS 17 She had done many projects on microcontrollers. She is an active member of various societies and also a member of a technical team TOP GUNS. She is now looking forward to publish papers based on the projects. R.Sushma Sree, C.Geetha Rashmi, Dr.S.N.Singh 11