Hypervisors & related technologies Frank Heimes / Arwed Tschoeke Client Center Böblingen
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1 Hypervisors & related technologies Frank Heimes / Arwed Tschoeke Client Center Böblingen Agenda Virtualization basics PR/SM and DPM z/vm KVM others 3 1
2 Server Virtualization Terms Logical Partition Also called an LPAR, virtual machine, or VM or guest (z/vm,kvm) Memory Virtualization Dedicated to an PR/SM LPAR Shared by guests within z/vm & KVM Runs an operating system such as z/, Linux, TPF, z/vse, AIX, IBM i, Windows, Solaris Logical Partition or Virtual Machine Computer Memory Logical Partition or Virtual Machine Logical Partition or Virtual Machine Virtual Machines or Guests Hypervisor 2 nd Level Hypervisor Run an Hypervisor inside of an LPAR Provides unique features Example: z/vm Hypervisor Hardware Disk Hypervisor Virtualization software Divides real computing into logical computers or LPARs Referred to as PR/SM on z Systems Ethernet I/O Virtualization Provided by Hypervisor (VMware) I/O owning LPAR (PowerVM, Xen) Direct hardware virtualization (z) 4 Server Virtualization Approaches Hardware Partitioning Bare Metal Hypervisor Hosted Hypervisor Apps... Apps Apps... Apps Apps... Apps Partition Controller Adjustable partitions Hypervisor(FW,) Type 1 Hypervisor Host Type 2 SMP Server SMP Server SMP Server Server is subdivided into fractions each of which can run an Physical partitioning S/370 SI-to-PP and PP-to-SI, Sun Domains, HP npars Logical partitioning HP (PA) vpars Hypervisor provides fine-grained timesharing of all resources Hypervisor software/firmware runs directly on server z Systems PR/SM, z/vm, KVM POWERVM vmware Xen Hypervisor, Hyper-V Hypervisor uses services to do timesharing of all resources Hypervisor software runs on a host operating system VirtualBox HP Integrity VM User Mode Linux Hardware partitioning subdivides a server into fractions, each of which can run an Hypervisors use a thin layer of code to achieve fine-grained, dynamic resource sharing Type 1 hypervisors with high efficiency and availability will become dominant for servers Type 2 hypervisors will be mainly for clients where host integration is desirable 8 2
3 Type 1 Hypervisor Goldberg, R. Architectural Principles for Virtual Computer Systems. PhD thesis, National Technical Information Service, February A Type 1 Virtual Machine Monitor runs as part of the Kernel Extended Machine is the environment running a time-shared program. The EM evolved into a modern Process. A Type II Virtual Machine Monitor runs as a standard Process 9 Software Interpretation Goldberg, R. Architectural Principles for Virtual Computer Systems. PhD thesis, National Technical Information Service, February Non-Virtualized KVM, VMware, Xen, PowerVM, z/vm VMware Pre-VMX Qemu 10 3
4 System z CPU Dispatching and Execution Control Logical CPU Program Instruction stream SIE: Start Interpretive Execution instruction Instructions 1 1 Problem state (aka guest) instructions High-frequency control instructions that require virtualization Low-frequency control instructions that require hypervisor virtualization e.g. Modify Subchannel instruction SIE interception to appropriate hypervisor level Load, Store, Add,... Start Subchannel, Test Subchannel,... z/vm, KVM and LPAR hypervisors SIE SIE Hardware Instruction Execution Controls z/vm CPU STATE Description LPAR CPU STATE Description Instruction Interpretation Handling Hardware or Firmware Virtualization Assist Physical CPU Instruction Execution Unit Load Store Add SSCH TSCH PR/SM and DPM 12 4
5 Linux VM Linux VM Linux VM 3/23/2016 LinuxONE Virtualization Options At the hypervisor level (2 IBM options: z/vm and KVM) At the firmware level Processors, memory and I/O resources are divided into 1 or more Logical Partitions or LPARs What runs in each LPAR appears to be running on bare metal, and is electronically separate from what runs in any other LPAR, as if they were in physically separate machines LPARs are managed by one of two managers: Processor Resource / System Manager (PR/SM ) IBM Dynamic Partition Manager Interaction with the manager is via either: The Support Element (SE) a dedicated workstation used for monitoring and operating the system The Hardware Management Console (HMC) a secure Web application accessed through a browser Linux on bare metal LPAR1 Hypervisor LPAR2 Linux on bare metal LPAR3 PR/SM or IBM Dynamic Partition Manager HMC / SE 13 PR/SM or LPAR Hypervisor 'Processor Resource/System Manager' (PR/SM) and 'LPAR hypervisor' are commonly used synonymously. However the 'LPAR Hypervisor' is the program itself and 'PR/SM' is the facility of the whole So PR/SM aka LPAR hypervisor is a Type-1 Hypervisor that manages logical partitions: Each partition owns a defined amount of physical storage Strictly no storage shared across partitions No virtual storage management / paging done by LPAR hypervisor Zone relocation lets each partition start at address 0 CPUs may be dedicated to a partition or may be shared by multiple partitions I/O channels may be dedicated to a partition or may be shared by multiple partitions (Multiple image facility, MIF) Each LPAR has its own architecture mode (ESA/390 or z/architecture) PR/SM is shipped with z Systems (considered as part of the firmware) PR/SM was initially introduced in 1988 with the IBM 3090 processors Beginning with z990, the PR/SM is always loaded (no Basic Mode anymore) Separation of logical partitions is considered as good as having each partition on a separate physical machine (Evaluation Assurance Level 5) 14 5
6 Linux Linux Linux 3/23/2016 How DPM helps in a new Linux Environment z Systems and PR/SM require a HW definition Dynamic IO one of the key differentiator of the platform would be nice Having the option to have a GUIbased administration Overcome the prejudice: z is old school and complicated Everything is scripted (that s why we need GUIs ;-) ) short version: No Texteditor required to get started, dynamic IO available 15 Partition and I/O device management at the HMC Linux partitions or KVM partitions correspond to LPARs under standard PR/SM Supports only Linux and Linux based hypervisors Creation of I/O Configuration Data Set (IOCDS) is under the covers Supports dynamic updates of I/O Hardware and operating system message displays are unchanged Problem determination and maintenance continues to exist on the System Element (SE) On/Off Capacity on Demand (OOCoD) and Customer Initiated Upgrade (CIU) supported for Linux Linux KVM IBM Dynamic Partition Manager HMC / SE Linux 17 6
7 System Requirements IBM LinuxONE Rockhopper or IBM LinuxONE Emperor IBM Dynamic Partition Manager feature code 0016 Two dedicated A-Express5S 1000BASE-T Ethernet #0417 features Server can be in standard PR/SM mode or Dynamic Partition Manager mode set at initial IML Only supports Fibre Communication Protocol (FCP) IBM KVM and/or Linux without a hypervisor Does not support Any hypervisor other than IBM KVM ECKD disk IBM zaware GDPS Virtual Appliance 1 Requires firmware level 27 (GA2) 18 Additional technical information Separate HMCs are NOT required; HMC networks with both IBM Dynamic Partition Manager servers and standard PR/SM servers Only SERVICE or SYSPROG userids can enable/disable IBM Dynamic Partition Manager All alarms exist as before, plus there are 3 or 4 new types of alarms, primarily around utilization being added Improved support over today s ASCII Console support ability to open a console window HMC REST API support everything in the UI can be done via the REST API 19 7
8 z/vm 20 IBM z/vm Hypervisor z/vm is the product name of a Type-1 Hypervisor z/vm virtualizes the architecture: Guests definitions are completely virtual (and do not necessarily be consistent with physical HW) support DASD and FCP Offers the possibility to choose the solution with the largest convenience factor SSI Clustering for increased avaialbility Integration into GDPS Since z990 (with the removal of the Basic Mode), z/vm always runs either in an LPAR or nested on another z/vm systems 21 8
9 z/vm Version 6 Release 3 Making Room to Grow Your Business Product General Availability z/vm support for zedc Express and 10GbE RoCE Express features Available, CPU Pooling January 14 z13 and z/vm Enhancements Announcement Feb 13 Base z13 & Crypto support Available March 13 SMT and Scalability Support Available June / Multi-VSwitch Link Aggregation Available September 15 RACf enhancements, Prorated Core time January 14 dynamic PDR migration, SIMD support 2016 Q4/14 z/vm6.4 GA See z/vm z/vm z/vm z/vm z/vm z/vm z/vm z/vm z/vm z/vm 6.1 z/vm 6.2 z/vm Preview IBM z/vm 6.4 Preview announcement , dated February 16, Planned availability date Fourth Quarter 2016 A release born from customer feedback Key components: Enhanced technology for improved scaling and total cost of ownership Increased system programmer and management capabilities New Architecture Level Set (ALS) of z196 and higher 23 9
10 Improved Scalability and TCO z/vm Paging enhancements Use of HyperPAV when available to increase bandwidth for paging Increases number of paging I/Os that can be in-flight at once Exploitation for Paging, Spooling, z/vm user directory, and minidisk pools that are mapped to z/vm data spaces. Guest large page support Enhanced DAT facility for guest use 1 MB pages Decreases memory needed for DAT structures by guest with Enhanced DAT support z/vm maps to 4KB pages at the host level. Guest Transactional Execution support Potential efficiency and scaling improvements for guests and guest software that exploits Alternative for serializing a set of operations. 24 Improved Scalability and TCO Memory scalability improvements Enhanced algorithms to further improve the efficiency of memory management Provide a foundation for future enhancements in scaling and efficiceny Guest Transactional Execution support Potential efficiency and scaling improvements for guests and guest software that exploits Alternative for serializing a set of operations. FlashSystems support for FCP-attached SCSI disks. Removes requirement of a San Volume Controller (SVC) to use FlashSystems for z/vm system volumes and EDEVs 25 10
11 System Programmer & Management Capability QUERY SHUTDOWN command Allows better understanding of state of the system Allows for increased programmatical management of the system CP environment variables New framework to allow information to be set and queried for automatic processing Example: Indicate system is being started for Production or DR Test or Actual DR New management queries for SCSI environment. Allows SCSI detailed information to be gathered for emulated devices (EDEVs) 26 System Programmer & Management Capability Upgrade In Place migration enhancements Upgrade In Place migration was introduced in z/vm 6.3 Enhanced to allow migration to z/vm 6.4 from z/vm 6.2 or z/vm 6.3 (but not both at same time in cluster) Supports migration for clustered or non-clustered systems 28 11
12 z/vm 6.4 Supported Hardware Following z Systems servers: z13 z13s LinuxONE Emperor LinuxONE Rockhopper IBM zenterprise EC12 IBM zenterprise BC12 IBM zenterprise 196 IBM zenterprise 114 Electronic and DVD install No tapes , 2016 IBM Corporation KVM 30 12
13 KVM for z Systems In addition to z/vm, IBM supports a Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) offering for z Systems that hosts Linux on z Systems guest virtual machines. The KVM can be installed on z Systems processors. The KVM offering co-exists with z/vm virtualization environments, z/, Linux on z Systems, z/vse and z/tpf. The KVM offering isoptimized for the z Systems architecture and provides standard Linux and KVM interfaces for operational control of the environment. Enterprises will be enabled to easily integrate Linux servers into their existing infrastructure and cloud offerings. z/ z/vse Linux on z z/ z/tpf Linux on z Linux on z z/vm KVM* LPARs (PR/SM ) Linux on z Linux on z I / O Processors Memory 31 * All statements regarding IBM's future direction and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only. Any reliance on these Statements of General Direction is at the relying party's sole risk and will not create liability or obligation for IBM. KVM Overview KVM (Kernel Virtual Machine) is a Linux kernel-based hypervisor Developed and maintained by Avi Kivity / Qumranet, recently acquired by Red Hat KVM turns the Kernel into a hypervisor by loading a kernel module and opening a device node. The main parts of KVM are: Kernel module kvm.ko Hardware specific modules Device node /dev/kvm (to create/run VMs from userspace with a set of ioctl()s) Virtual machines (or guests or domains) appear as normal Linux processes and integrate seamlessly into the rest of Linux A VM has its own memory, that is separated from the user space process Virtual CPUs are not scheduled on it's own (vcpus are realized as Linux threads, and are still scheduled by the Linux Kernel process scheduler) In full virtualization mode it's possible to run multiple unmodified guest es in parallel, with each having private virtual hardware (network, disk, graphics etc.) Exploits 'SIE' hardware instruction on z Systems 32 13
14 Guest mode Guest Process Guest Process Host Process: kvm; kvm-qemu Host Process: virsh; virt-manager (via libvirt) User mode Kernel mode 3/23/2016 Qemu/KVM Component Diagram File System & Block devices Physical Drivers Linux Kernel (guest) QEMU Hardware Emulation vcpu0... vcpum iothread KVM (/dev/kvm and kvm.ko) Memory Linux Kernel (host) Hardware disk1 File System & Block devices Physical Drivers... disk2 disk3... pnic1 pnic2 pnic3 pcpu0 pcpu1 pcpu2 pcpun 33 Others 34 14
15 Virtualization vs. Containers A p A p p A p p p A p A p p A p p p APP APP Container Container APP Container Hypervisor HW Hypervisor HW Infrastructure oriented: coming from servers, now virtualized several applications per server isolation Separation between tenants Service oriented: application-centric solution decomposed DevOps separations between the apps of a tenant 35 Docker and Containers Docker in general offers different ways to access the Linux Kernel and software resources that allows to constitute and form Containers: libvirt systemd-nspawn lxc and libcontainer The recently introduced 'libcontainer' library Dockers own way to access these resources, like namespaces and cgroups seems to prevail and to become accepted
16 Summary 37 Things to Remember HW-accelerated virtualization integrates into the existing world efficient, secure, scalable Choices: take what ever is suited best What is standard in your IT What provides the best match to the requirements Or both Remember: OR, not XOR 38 16
17 Questions? 39 17
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