CM 3310 Process Control, Spring Lecture 18

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1 CM 3310 Process Control, Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Tom Co Lecture Discrete Event Dynamics Systems Discrete event dynamic system (DEDS) is a discrete-state, event-driven system of which the state evolution depends entirely on the occurrence of asynchronous discrete events over time. 1 Examples of discrete events: a) Tank has reached/passed monitored level b) Two hours has elapsed c) Pressure is at critical value 1 Cassandras, C.G.; Lafortune, S. Introduction to Discrete Event Systems. Springer,NY, CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 1 Implications: - suggests true or false states logical values - or discrete values or modes choices/cases Traditionally handled by programmable logic controllers (PLCs). 2. Relays electrically operated switch Figure 1. Electromagnetic Relay 2 2 Image taken from CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 2

2 Main Classifications: 1. Normal Positions a. Normally Open (NO) aka Form A b. Normally Closed (NC) aka Form B c. Changeover (CO) aka Form C (double throw) 2. Based on Poles and throws a. SPST (Single pole single throw) b. SPDT (Single pole double throw) c. DPST (Double pole single throw) d. DPDT (Double pole double throw) Figure 2. Various types of Relays based on Poles and Throws CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 3 3. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Basic elements Figure 1. PLC Architecture. 3 3 Based on W. N. Clare et al., PLCs: Programmable Logic Controllers, in B. G. Liptak, ed, Instrument Engineer s Handbook, vol. 2, Process Control and Optimization, 4 th Ed., CRC Press, 2005, pp CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 4

3 i) CPU (central processing unit) - Performs PLC tasks such as scanning, I/O bus traffic control, program execution, peripheral and external device communications, special function or data handling and selfdiagnostics ii) Memory - Contains application program library, PLC s executive program (operating system), process data from input modules and control data for output modules (stored as data tables) and other stored constants or variables iii) I/O System - Filters, conditions and isolates real-world signals (0-120 VAC, 0-24 V DC, 4-20 ma, 0-10 V, thermocouples) and converts to lowsignal levels (0-5 V DC) in PLC I/O bus. Often uses optical isolators (uses LEDs to turn on phototransistors) iv) Power Supply - Typically 120/240 VAC or 12/24 VDC CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 5 Implementation/programs o Ladder logic Power rails (Two vertical lines) Power side (often left side) Neutral (or common) side (often right side) Program lines or logic rules (ladder rungs) are scanned from top to bottom, then cycle repeats CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 6

4 Typical Ladder Logic Symbols i. Pushbuttons ii. Switches CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 7 iii. Relays Remarks: i) Typical scan order: read physical inputs scan ladder logic program write physical outputs ii) Scan time (time to complete the cycle) is around milliseconds CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 8

5 Example: High pressure water supply 4 i) Main objective: to fill the vessel with water to a high level by pumping water from supply and pressurize with air supply 4 Based on R. A. Gilbert and W. P. Durden, Ladder Diagrams, in B. G. Liptak, ed, Instrument Engineer s Handbook, vol. 2, Process Control and Optimization, 4 th Ed., CRC Press, 2005, pp CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 9 ii) Main Control actions: pump motor relay (denote with M) and solenoid valve relay (denote by Sol). iii) Detectors/Relay Contacts: LSH-101 (vessel high-level switch), LSH-102 (vessel low-level switch), PSL-103 (vessel low-pressure switch), LSL-104 (supply low-level switch), M (pump relay contact) (plus OL 1 (NC) and OL 2 (NC) pump overload protection relay contacts) iv) Push-buttons and Mode Selector: Start PB (NO Pushbutton), Stop PB (NC Pushbutton) and Auto/Man/Off (3 Position selector) CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 10

6 Program specification: i) Turn Sol on if LSH-101 and PSL-103 relay contacts are closed. ii) Under Auto-mode, turn pump M on if LSH-101 and LSL-104 relay contacts are opened and activate protection relays OL 1 and OL 2 relays iii) Under Manual-mode, use start pushbutton with latching circuit to turn pump M on. iv) Use stop pushbutton to turn whole system off. CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 11 CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 12

7 - Other alternatives to ladder logic: Sequential Function Chart (SFC) and Function block programs see IEC Standards 5 5 J. Karl-Heinz and M. Tiegelkamp, IEC : Programming Industrial Automation Systems: Concepts and Programming Languages, Requirements for Programming Systems, Decision-Making Aids 2nd ed., Springer, NY, CM3310 Lecture 18 Page 13

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