Dan Lipman Chair, 2016 NIS Organising Committee. Roger Howsley Executive Director, WINS. Elena Sokova - Executive Director, VCDNP

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1 Introduction Integrating the Nuclear Security, Industry and Knowledge Summits Event Report 23 September 2014 On 23 September 2014 (on the margins of the September 2014 IAEA General Conference), the United States and the Netherlands sponsored a panel discussion in conjunction with the Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non- Proliferation (VCDNP) and the World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS). Attendees consisted of key stakeholders who are involved in planning the Nuclear Security, Industry and Knowledge Summits that will take place in Washington, D.C., in Speakers on the panel included: Laura Holgate Senior Director, WMD Terrorism & Threat Reduction, US National Security Council, and US Sherpa to the 2016 NSS Dan Lipman Chair, 2016 NIS Organising Committee Andrew Bieniawski Vice President, Material Security and Minimization, Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) Roger Howsley Executive Director, WINS Elena Sokova - Executive Director, VCDNP Overview of the Summits The Nuclear Security Summit The first Nuclear Security Summit (NSS) was held in Washington, D.C., in Its purpose was to draw the attention of the world s leaders to the need to secure nuclear material, particularly highly enriched uranium (HEU) and plutonium (Pu), in order to prevent nuclear terrorism. The focus of the Summit, which was attended by leaders from 47 countries, was on making political agreements to better secure material and facilities and to enhance political cooperation. The second NSS was held in 2012 in Seoul and was attended by leaders from 53 countries. It focused on the progress made since the previous Summit and, following the Fukushima accident, on integrated considerations of safety and security issues. The third NSS was held in the Netherlands in 2014 and was attended by leaders from 58 countries. A major outcome of their discussions was that all participating States agreed to a final Communiqué to support activities that will prevent nuclear material from falling into the wrong hands. Leaders confirmed their commitment to continuous strengthening of the effectiveness of the global nuclear security architecture and national security agreements and measures, to implementation of 1

2 the IAEA nuclear security guidelines and recommendations, to development of nuclear security expertise and competency, and to other key nuclear security regime components. The final NSS, which will be hosted by President Obama, will take place in Washington, D.C. in the spring of Work on the agenda has already begun; the focus is on the implementation of commitments taken during the entire six- year process, as well as on how to sustain the momentum going forward. The three Communiqués and the Work Plan adopted during the previous Summits will form the basis on which to do so. Laura Holgate, the newly designated U.S. Sherpa to the 2016 NSS, stressed the need for this final Summit to leave behind a legacy of strong nuclear security architecture that will carry important parts of the process into the future. NSS Achievements The NSS has created a momentum for deliverables that is, in effect, a political impetus for countries to have something to report on when they arrive at the Summit. Another benefit is that it has increased the awareness of nuclear security among political leaders and given them the opportunity to discuss security issues with other leaders and the public. A third benefit is the creation of the Sherpa family itself. The establishment of Sherpa teams has created a special community of experts that engage with each other across their normal institutional counterparts; it has also provided significant leverage for working together bilaterally. Sherpas have obtained significant authority within their countries and helped to generate the political impetus for action because they have created an internal advocacy system for nuclear security within governments. This has been reflected in national progress reports describing how to implement actions and cooperate with other countries to strengthen the system. To increase the capabilities of the architecture post- 2016, five institutions have been identified that could support the process in the post- Summits environment: the IAEA, the UN, the 1540 Committee, Interpol and the GICNT/Global Partnership. One of the key challenges that Sherpas will have to consider during the 2016 NSS preparatory process is how to identify which of the components of the architecture can be carried forward by which of these institutions. Concurrent Summits In addition to the main event, two other Summits have taken place concurrently. The first is the Nuclear Industry Summit (NIS), which brings together leaders from industry to discuss the contributions industry can make to enhancing nuclear security. The second is the Nuclear Knowledge Summit (NKS), which enables experts from non- governmental organisations and academia to share their perspectives on nuclear security. 2

3 The Nuclear Industry Summit Concurrent with the NSS events, the first Nuclear Industry Summit took place in Washington, D.C., in The second took place in Seoul in 2012, and the third took place in Amsterdam in The NIS events brought CEOs from the nuclear industry together to discuss the security aspects that are needed to ensure continued support for nuclear energy, now and in the future. The 2014 NIS, which was organized by URENCO, was attended by almost 200 CEOs from nuclear companies around the world. The three NIS working groups (Strengthening Nuclear Security Governance, Dealing with the Cyber Threat, and Managing Materials of Concern) expanded on the results of the previous Summits and made recommendations, especially in the area of corporate governance, cyber and information security, reduction of HEU, and control over high- density radioactive sources. The Joint Statement, based on the current concerns and priorities of industry, included 13 specific commitments and was handed over to the NSS. The NIS process has succeeded in raising awareness of nuclear security issues amongst senior executives of the industry and in increasing the attention given to nuclear security implementation. The 2014 NIS made important progress in cooperating with the NSS and the NKS. Many intersections have been recognized, even though the priorities are different. The 2016 NIS will be organised by the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI). It will build upon the earlier Summits and Focus on implementation of the previous NIS recommendations. Preparations for this Summit have already started, and an international Board of Advisors has been created to guide the agenda development, obtain input from the nuclear industry worldwide, and follow the development of deliverables. Three working groups will focus the efforts of industry leaders on specific areas of importance. A critical aspect of the working groups is monitoring the implementation of recommendations from previous summits. The working groups for 2016 will focus on the Role of the Nuclear Industry in the Security of its Materials and Technologies, Dealing with the Cyber Threat, and Securing the Use, Storage & Transport of Strategic Nuclear & Radiological Materials. The objective of the 2016 NIS is to document what has been done in the last few years, identify what the next steps are for the industry, and establish a roadmap. NIS organisers plan to have a work product in draft form by Q1 2015, after which they will revise and finalise the document at the 2015 World Nuclear Association meeting. 3

4 The Nuclear Knowledge Summit Similar to the NIS events, Nuclear Knowledge Summits have taken place at all three Summits as well. The 2014 NKS, which was organised by the Netherlands Institute of Foreign Relations (Clingendael), the Fissile Material Working Group and the Asan Institute for Policy Studies, was attended by 240 nuclear experts and NGO participants from around the world. The event s objective was to provide a space in which participants could exchange their knowledge and experiences with nuclear security without the political constraints that can hinder long- term views and critical perspectives. Participants discussed the political agenda of the NSS but also looked ahead to carry the discussions further. In doing so, the NKS covered topics such as improving regime cohesion, regional approaches to nuclear security, information sharing and peer review, and advancing the security of fissile material and radiological sources. It also expanded on new issues such as cyber security and non- civilian stocks and helped create a broad platform of experts who can promote nuclear security and the NSS process. In preparation for the 2016 NKS, the NGO community has already held several coordination meetings to determine priorities. The NTI track 1.5 Global Dialogue has been a particularly useful venue in which to explore these issues in an unofficial manner; the most recent discussions included 40 high- level participants from 19 countries. As a result, much of the groundwork has already been laid and priorities will be shared when they are finalised. The preliminary pillars of the discussions lie in four areas: 1. Comprehensiveness of the nuclear security architecture to include the security of all facilities and materials 2. Identification of best practices and development of standards for nuclear security 3. Confidence building measures to provide international assurances that nuclear material is properly secured 4. Reduction of the inventories of weapons- usable material (HEU and Plutonium) A key issue for the NKS community is the need to focus on nuclear material under military supervision. Previous summits have only focused on civilian material, even though 85% of weapons- usable material is under military control. As demonstrated by a number of security lapses, including those that took place at the Y12 complex and an incident at the Minot Air Force Base, it is clear that it should not be taken for granted that military materials are sufficiently secured. 4

5 Integrating the Nuclear Security, Industry and Knowledge Summits The NSS process has created an impetus for NGOs and industry communities to take part in high- level political discussions. Since 2016 is likely to be the last year that an NSS is held, planners envision that it will serve as a culmination of international nuclear security efforts and focus on the sustainability of governments, industry and expert efforts beyond the final summit. From the discussions, several areas have been identified whereby the Summits could align with each other. These include: Enhancing the dialogue between policy makers and the industry Nuclear security is in the interest of the industry itself; therefore, dialogue between the nuclear industry and policy makers is essential. This is not only because the industry must implement the regulations established by policy makers, but also because the industry has experience in identifying threats and in determining which best practices and policies are most beneficial to the nuclear industry. It should be noted, however, that it is difficult to bring the industry community together because it represents a highly heterogeneous group with varying priorities and a limited budget for nuclear security challenges. One participant noted that the success of the 2014 Summits was thanks to the interactions between the Dutch organisers of the NIS and NSS. Because of differences of opinion regarding the level of cooperation that should be aimed for, this success should not be taken for granted. Furthermore, a similar level of cooperation should be pursued going forward. To help facilitate an integrated response, NIS organisers will complete their Communiqué at the 2015 World Nuclear Association meeting and share it with the Sherpa community for consideration. Improving interactions between the industry and expert community Since 2010, the industry and the NGO community have increased interactions and familiarity with each other. The NIS 2016 will provide an opportunity to further enhance this relationship, so additional attention should be given to the key role these interactions play in the working group subject areas. For example, it is important to consider the possibility of joint sessions between the Industry and the Knowledge Summits, including joint lunches with speakers and panels to exchange information between the two communities. For logistical reasons, this means that the two venues should be located near each other. Activities at the 2014 NKS can serve as an example. Huub Rakhorst, the organiser of the 2014 NIS, was invited to the NKS to share his views with the expert community, and this approach should be replicated in

6 Coordinating the government, industry and expert communities A key challenge at the next Summit will be to find ways to coordinate and engage with these communities as well as to integrate participants. Priorities between the different stakeholders do not always align. It is therefore critical to begin discussions now among the political, industry and academic communities to support a broad, effective scope for the next Summit and a continuation of the work after One participant at the September 2014 event questioned the goals of each community for the next Summit and wondered what level of interaction would be feasible. As a solution, it was noted that the gift basket practice was expected to continue in the 2016 Summit; for example, the Japanese have already mentioned that they will present a gift basket on transportation. This highlighted the fact that countries that did not participate in the NSS process have the opportunity to associate themselves with existing gift baskets (some featuring strong commitments) and statements made within the framework of the Summits. Conclusion A number of additional cross- cutting issues were identified and discussed at the event, including the challenge of HEU minimisation, cybersecurity, governance and reporting, and professional development. There was a particular focus on capacity building for education and training, which is an issue of relevance to all stakeholders in the Summit process. One important tool for moving forward on a number of these issues is the 35- country Joint Statement on Strengthening Nuclear Security Implementation. This Statement contains commitments that satisfy concerns from all three Summit communities, including universality of the nuclear security regime and ensuring that personnel with accountability for nuclear security are demonstrably competent. The Statement can be put forward as a gift basket for other countries that attend the summit. One event participant mentioned that no actual documents came out of the 2014 NKS. However, a number of organisations representing the non- governmental experts (Stanley Foundation, Fissile Material Working Group, NTI, MIIS) are already working on a draft for the 2016 NKS. Considering that the NIS and NSS organisers have already begun drafting their work plans, the sharing of information should begin now to ensure that the three Communiqués support and integrate ideas from different stakeholders. This process of integrating the three statements will help to prepare for nuclear security activities beyond The NSS is planning a detailed roadmap, and there is clear recognition that the work will not end in fact the bar will get higher and that integration of the political, industry and expert communities will become even more important in the future. 6