Management. Port Security. Second Edition KENNETH CHRISTOPHER. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group. Taylor & Francis Group,

Transcription

1 Port Security Management Second Edition KENNETH CHRISTOPHER CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2 Preface Acknowledgments Author xv xvii xix PART I HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION OF PORT AND MARITIME SECURITY 1 Introduction to Port Security Management Global Transportation System: The Context for Port Security A Renewed Security Concern about Threats to Shipping and Commerce Public Policy and Port Responsiveness to Commerce Economic Dependence on Maritime Transportation A Renewed Emphasis on Securing Ships and Ports A Need for Partnerships between Government and Business in Managing Port Security A Strategy for Port Security Management Summary 21 References 23 2 Maritime and Port Security: A Manager's Perspective Understanding the Port Environment Security Management within the Context of History Maritime Sector and Security Freedom of the Seas International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 36 vii

3 VIII United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea International Ship and Port Facility Security Code United States Maritime Transportation Security Act of United States Security and Accountability lor Every Port Act of /11: A Paradigm Shift toward Enhanced Security in the Maritime Domain Summary 44 References 46 3 Security Challenges Facing Port Operations Central Challenge: Security Management as a Component of Organizational Improvement Port Organization as an Open System Importation of Energy Throughput Output Systems as Cycles of Events Negative Entropy Information Input, Negative Feedback, and the Coding Process Steady State and Dynamic Homeostasis Differentiation Integration and Coordination Equifmality Specific Security Challenges in the Port Environment Terrorism Weapons of Mass Destruction Hazardous Materials Internal Criminal Conspiracies Piracy Cargo Theft Vandalism Stowaways Poorly Trained Security Personnel Crimes against Passengers and Crew General Civil Unrest Workplace Violence Economic Espionage Commercial Conspiracies Summary 70 References 71

4 PART II RISK MANAGEMENT, PLANNING, AND COORDINATION OF PORT SECURITY 4 Port Security as a Risk Management Activity Risk Management: A Foundation for Rational Security Convergence Port Facility Security and the Risk Assessment Process Design Basis Threat Catastrophe Modeling Levels of Probability Risk-Based Decision Making Cost-Effective Risk Assessment Recommendations for Developing Efficiencies in Risk Assessment Strategies Security Survey Identify Assets Establish Criticality Determine Vulnerability Determine Probability Quantification of Risk Summary 97 References Port Facility Security as a Management Function Acts and Functions of Management Organizational Behavior and Organizational Theory A Problem-Solving Approach to Port Security Management; Lessons from the Police Experience What Managers Do in Organizations Port Security Planning Design and Architecture Stage Focus on Integration and Cooperation Minimize the Fortress Mentality Developing a Port Facility Security Plan Planning a Layered Approach to Security Port Management in a Homeland Security Environment Homeland Security Act of Homeland Security Presidential Directives Maritime Transportation Security Act of Security and Accountability for Every Port Act of United States Coast Guard Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circulars 123

5 x 5.5 Developing Security Partnerships Port Security Steering Committee Summary 126 References 128 PART III IMPLEMENTING A PLAN FOR PORT SECURITY: MANAGEMENT TASKS AND RESPONSIBILITIES 6 Facility and Personnel Security Port Facility Security Officer General Provisions Qualifications Responsibilities Port Facility Security Plan Organization of the Port Facility Security Plan Maritime Security Levels MARSEC Level MARSEC Level MARSEC Level MARSEC Level Change Action List Facility Security Assessment Background Information On-Scene Survey Analysis and Recommendations Facility Security Assessment Report Facility Security Plan Audit Port Personnel Security Awareness Objectives for a Port Security Awareness Program Port Security Awareness Components: What Personnel Need to Know Summary 149 References Access Controls Port Vulnerabilities Associated with Access Controls Frequency of Access Advance Notice Requirements Identification and Credentialing Photo Identification Credentials Fingerprints and Criminal History Background Checks Transportation Workers Identification Credential Credentialing Procedures 160

6 7.2.5 Credentialing Classification Systems Credential Coding Production Processes Credential Sequencing Lost or Stolen Credentials Role of Port Users in Credentialing Programs Visualizing and Inspecting Access Credentials Visitor Controls Visitor Brochure Restricted Area Access Controls Balancing Access Control and Port Commerce Identifying and Defining Restricted Access Areas Gates and Gate Access Controls Preventing and Deterring Access to Restricted Areas Controlling Vehicles in Restricted Access Areas Temporary Restricted Area Vehicle Authorization Documentation Vehicle and Pedestrian Screening Suspicious Indicators in Screening Screening Equipment Delivery of Vessel Provisions Access Control Measures Summary 177 References Physical and Waterside Security in the Port Facility Managing Physical Defenses in a Competitive Environment Standard Operating Procedures Perimeter Security Crime Prevention through Environmental Design Fencing Parking Control Access Points Small Vessel Threat and Waterside Security Port Security Small Vessel Threat Mitigation Strategies Summary 202 References Security Force Management Security and Human Resources A Framework for Managing and Leading the Security Force Staff Planning and Budgeting Staffing Needs Assessment Debate on Private Security versus Law Enforcement 213

7 xii Debate on Proprietary Security versus Contract Security I )eveloping and Maintaining Force Competencies in Port Security Port Security Personnel Training Written Directives Security Force Operations and Patrols Summary 224 References Vessel and Cargo Operations Vessel Operations Security Planning Considerations for Vessels Coordinating Security between the Port Facility and Vessels Declaration of Security Passenger and Crew Security Military Vessel Visits to Commercial Port Facilities Cargo Operations United States Government Initiatives to Secure Cargo Cargo Security in the Port Facility Cargo Building Security Summary 250 References Safety and Emergency Management Safety Management in the Port Facility Occupational Safety and Health Port Facility Safety Port Safety Officer Port Safety Committee Emergency Management Port Facility Interfaces with Homeland Security National Incident Management System and Incident Command System Elements of an Emergency Operations Plan Role of the Port Facility Security Officer in Emergencies Hazardous Materials Incidents Port Facility Evacuations Emergency Information Management Increases in Maritime Security Levels Continuity of Operations Planning Summary 273 References 275

8 xiii 12 Managing Technology Solutions for Port Facility Security Security Convergence in the Port Facility: The Role of Technology Situational Awareness and Situational Readiness Situational Awareness Situational Readiness Surveillance Systems Sonar Closed Circuit Television Computer and Information Security Cyberterrorism Employee Education for IT Security Summary 295 References Intelligence Role of Intelligence in Port Security Planning Sharing of Public-Private Sector Intelligence Fusion Summary 308 References Systemic Management for a Secure and Viable Port Facility Collaborations between Port Security and Law Enforcement Operations Administrative and Coordinating Roles of Police Units in Port Facilities Incident Investigations: Suspicious Activities Systemic Management of Port Security: Case Study PortMiami ( ) Overview Security Organization Legal and Financial Constraints Lessons Learned The Challenge of Collaboration in Managing Port Security Summary 325 References 326 Glossary and Organizational Resources 329 Bibliography 341 Appendix 345 Index 347