Rampant TechPress. Oracle DBA made simple Oracle database administration techniques. Mike Ault

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1 Rampant TechPress Oracle DBA made simple Oracle database administration techniques Mike Ault

2 Oracle DBA made simple Oracle database administration techniques By Mike Ault Copyright 2003 by Rampant TechPress. All rights reserved. Published by Rampant TechPress, Kittrell, North Carolina, USA Series Editor: Don Burleson Production Editor: Teri Wade Cover Design: Bryan Hoff Oracle, Oracle7, Oracle8, Oracle8i, and Oracle9i are trademarks of Oracle Corporation. Oracle In-Focus is a registered Trademark of Rampant TechPress. Many of the designations used by computer vendors to distinguish their products are claimed as Trademarks. All names known to Rampant TechPress to be trademark names appear in this text as initial caps. The information provided by the authors of this work is believed to be accurate and reliable, but because of the possibility of human error by our authors and staff, Rampant TechPress cannot guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information included in this work and is not responsible for any errors, omissions, or inaccurate results obtained from the use of information or scripts in this work. Visit for information on other Oracle In-Focus books. ISBN: X PAGE III

3 Table Of Contents Notice... ii Publication Information... iii Table Of Contents... iv Introduction... 1 System Planning... 1 Resource and Capacity Planning... 2 Resource Specification for Oracle... 2 Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA)... 7 Minimum OFA Configuration... 8 Oracle Structures and How They Affect Installation Executables Data Files Redo Logs Control Files Exports Archive Logs LOB Storage BFILE Storage Disk Striping, Shadowing, RAID, and Other Topics Disk Striping Disk Shadowing or Mirroring RAID Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks New Technologies Optical Disk Systems Tape Systems RAM Drives (Random Access Memory) Backup & recovery PAGE IV

4 Backups Cold Backups Hot Backups Example Documentation Procedure for NT Online Backup and Recovery Scripts Imports/Exports Limitations on export/import: Exports IMPORT Archive Logs Backup Methodologies NT or UNIX System Backup Import/Export Archive Logging Recovery Types Oracle7 Enterprise Backup Utility Oracle8 RECOVERY MANAGER FACILITY Installing the RMAN Catalog Incomplete restore scenario DB_VERIFY UTILITY The following example shows how to get on-line help: The DBMS_REPAIR Utility DBMS_REPAIR Enumeration Types DBMS_REPAIR Exceptions DBMS_REPAIR Procedures ADMIN_TABLES CHECK_OBJECT DUMP_ORPHAN_KEYS FIX_CORRUPT_BLOCKS REBUILD_FREELISTS SKIP_CORRUPT_BLOCKS Oracle RDBMS Architecture Background Processes PAGE V

5 Datafiles Datafile Sizing Rollback Segments Redo log files Control files Initialization File The Undocumented Initialization Parameters ( _ ) The Initialization File Event Settings System Global Area SGA Modifying the INIT.ORA Allocating And Caching Memory Use of the Default Pool Use of The KEEP Pool Use of the RECYCLE Pool Tuning the Three Pools Shared Pool Putting it All In Perspective What to Pin The Shared Pool and MTS Large Pool Sizing A Matter Of Hashing Disk IO and the Shared Pool Monitoring Library and Data Dictionary Caches In Summary Managing the Database Find USER locking others/kill problem USER Methods of Murder Killing From the Oracle Side Killing From the Operating System Side Creating and starting the database Database Creation Re-creation of a Database Database Startup and Shutdown PAGE VI

6 Startup Shutdown Tuning Responsibilities Step 1: Tune the Business Rules Step 2: Tune the Data Design Step 3: Tune the Application Design Step 4: Tune the Logical Structure of the Database Step 5: Tune Database Operations Step 6: Tune the Access Paths Step 7: Tune Memory Allocation Step 8: Tune I/O and Physical Structure Step 9: Tune Resource Contention Step 10: Tune the Underlying Platform(s) Tuning Summary Layout & Fragmentation Tablespace Segments & Free Space Tables & Indexes/Partitioning The V$ views How are they used? The Optimizers & the Analyze Command RULE Based Optimizer COST Based Optimizer The Parallel Query Option Parallel query settings Problems In Parallel Query Usage Security Users Altering Users Dropping Users Grants System Privileges Object Privileges Column Privileges View Grants PAGE VII

7 Other Grants Revoking Grants Use Of Roles Creating Roles Grants To Roles Setting Roles Special Roles OSOPER And OSDBA CONNECT, RESOURCE, And DBA Roles Export/Import Roles Using PROFILES Profiles and Resource Limits Altering Profiles Profiles and Passwords Managing CPU Utilization for in Oracle8i Creating a Resource Plan Restricting Access by Rows in Oracle8i Policy Usage DBMS_RLS Package Summary PAGE VIII

8 ROBO BOOKS MONOGRAPH Introduction Database Administration has grown over the years from the mere management of a few tables and indexes to a complex interlocking set of responsibilities ranging from managing database objects to participating in enterprise wide decisions on hardware, software and development tools. In order to fully perform these functions the modern Oracle DBA needs a large skill set. Over the next few hours we will discuss the skills needed and specifically how they apply to an Oracle DBA. System Planning In a green field operation (one where you are there before the equipment and database) a DBA will have a critical part to play in the planning and configuration of the new system. Even in existing environments the ability to plan for new servers, new databases or improvements to existing databases and systems is critical. Essentially the DBA must concern themselves with two major issues: 1. Get enough server to insure adequate performance 2. Allow for enough backup and recovery horsepower to get backup and recovery performed within the required time constraints. All of this actually falls under the topic resource and capacity planning. PAGE 1

9 ROBO BOOKS MONOGRAPH Resource and Capacity Planning Oracle is a resource intensive database system. The more memory, CPU and disk resources you can provide Oracle, the better it performs. Resource planning with Oracle becomes more a game of "how much can we afford to buy" instead of "what is the minimum configuration". A minimally configured Oracle server will not function in an efficient manner. Resource Specification for Oracle In resource specification there are several questions that must be answered. 1. How many users will be using the system both now and in the future? 2. How much data will the system contain both now and in the future, do we know growth rates? 3. What response times are expected? 4. What system availability is expected? Why are these questions important? 1. How many users will be using the system both now and in the future? This question is important because it effects how much processing power is going to be required. The number of users will determine number and speed of CPUs, size of memory, network related configuration. 2. How much data will the system contain both now and in the future, do we know growth rates? PAGE 2