Contents. Part One Database Basics, Data Modeling, and UNIX/Linux...1

Transcription

1 About the Author...xxxi About the Technical Reviewer...xxxii Acknowledgments...xxxiii Introduction...xxxv Part One Database Basics, Data Modeling, and UNIX/Linux...1 Chapter 1 The Oracle DBA s World...3 The Oracle DBA s Role...3 The DBA s Security Role...4 The DBA s System Management Role...6 The DBA s Database Design Role...8 Different DBA Job Classifications...10 Types of Databases...10 Online Transaction Processing and Decision Support System Databases...11 Development, Test, and Production Databases...11 Background and Training...12 Background and Training for an Oracle DBA...12 Certification...15 Resources and Organizations for Oracle DBAs...16 Managing High-Performance Databases...18 Improving Your Troubleshooting Skills...19 The Daily Routine of a Typical Oracle DBA...21 Some General Advice...21 Know When You Need Help...22 Remember You Are Not Alone...22 Think Outside the Box...22 Summary...23 vii

2 Chapter 2 Relational Database Modeling and Database Design...25 Relational Databases: A Brief Introduction...26 The Relational Database Model...26 Database Schemas...27 Data Definition and Data Manipulation Languages...27 Relational Algebra...28 Relational Calculus...29 SQL and Relational Theory...29 Relational Database Life Cycle...30 Requirements Gathering and Analysis...30 Logical Database Design...31 Entity-Relationship Modeling...32 Normalization...38 The Normal Forms...40 ERM Tools: The Oracle Designer...44 Physical Database Design...45 Transformation of Entities and Relationships...46 Designing Different Types of Tables...47 Table Structures and Naming Conventions...47 Column Specifications and Choosing Data Types...47 Business Rules and Data Integrity...47 Implementation of the Physical Design...48 Database Sizing and Database Storage...48 Implementing Database Security...48 Moving to the New System...49 Reverse Engineering a Database...49 Object-Relational and Object Databases...49 The Relational Model...50 The Object Model...50 The Object-Relational Model...51 Summary...53 Chapter 3 Essential UNIX (and Linux) for the Oracle DBA...55 Overview of the UNIX Operating System...55 Understanding the UNIX Shell(s)...57 Accessing the UNIX System...58 Logging Into and Logging Out of UNIX...58 Overview of Basic UNIX Commands...60 viii

3 Introducing the UNIX Environment...63 Displaying the Environment...64 Working with Shell Variables...65 Modifying the Environment...65 Input and Output in UNIX...65 Navigating Files and Directories in UNIX...66 Files in the UNIX System...67 Types of Files...67 Linking Files...67 Managing Files...68 Permissions: Reading from or Writing to Files in UNIX...69 UNIX Directory Structure...72 Directory Management...72 Important UNIX Directories...73 Writing Files with the vi Editor...74 Creating and Modifying Files Using vi...74 Using the Head and Tail Commands...75 Shell Scripting...76 Creating a Simple UNIX Shell Program...76 Using Shell Variables...76 Control Flow Structures in Korn Shell Programming...79 Looping...79 Conditional Branching...81 Dealing with UNIX Processes...82 Running Programs in the Background with Nohup...83 Terminating Processes with the Kill Command...83 UNIX System Administration and the Oracle DBA...84 UNIX Backup and Restore Utilities...84 The Crontab and Automation of Scripts...85 Using Telnet...86 Remote Login and Remote Copy...87 Using ssh, the Secure Shell...87 Using FTP to Send and Receive Files...87 UNIX System Performance Monitoring Tools...88 Disks and Storage in UNIX...92 Disk Storage Configuration Choices...92 Monitoring Disk Usage...93 Disk Storage, Performance, and Availability...94 RAID Systems...95 RAID Levels...96 Choosing the Ideal Disk Configuration...98 Redundant Disk Controllers RAID and Backups RAID and Oracle ix

4 Storage Technologies Storage Area Networks Networked Attached Storage InfiniBand Oracle and Storage System Compatibility Summary Part Two The Oracle RDBMS Chapter 4 Installing the Oracle9i RDBMS Installing Oracle on UNIX Systems Reviewing the Documentation Determining Disk and Memory Requirements Following the Optimal Flexible Architecture Mount Points Directory and File Naming Conventions Performing Preinstallation Tasks UNIX System Administrator s Tasks Oracle Owner s Tasks A Final Checklist for the Installation Installing the Oracle Software After the Installation UNIX Post-Installation Tasks User Oracle Post-Installation Tasks Uninstalling Oracle Summary Chapter 5 Introduction to the Oracle9i Architecture Oracle Database Structures The Logical Structures Physical Database Structures Trace Files Data Files and Tablespaces Automatic Undo Management Oracle Managed Files Oracle Processes Interaction Between the User and Oracle Processes The Server Process The Background Processes x

5 Oracle Memory Structures Oracle System Global Area (SGA) The Program Global Area (PGA) Monitoring Memory Allocation Dynamically Modifying the SGA Using Oracle s SGA and PGA Advisories Managing Memory Parameters with Oracle Enterprise Manager A Simple Oracle Database Transaction Data Consistency and Data Concurrency The Database Writer and the Write Ahead Protocol The System Change Number The Central Role of the Oracle Control File The Oracle Data Dictionary and the Dynamic Performance Views The Oracle Data Dictionary The Dynamic Performance (V$) Views The Oracle Optimizer Oracle Enterprise Manager Summary Chapter 6 Using SQL*Plus and isql*plus SQL*Plus for the DBA Using SQL*Plus in Interactive and Noninteractive Modes SQL*Plus Commands and SQL Commands SQL*Plus Security Setting the SQL*Plus Environment with the Set Command Setting Common SQL*Plus Variables SQL*Plus Command Line Arguments Removing Settings with the Clear Command The Store Command The Show Command Exiting SQL*Plus Key SQL*Plus Performing Commands The Sqlprompt Command The Describe Command The Host Command The Spool Command The Accept and Prompt Commands The Execute Command The Pause Command Creating Command Files in SQL*Plus Saving SQL Commands to a File Executing SQL*Plus Scripts xi

6 Executing a SQL*Plus Command Script Creating a Windows Batch Script The Define and Undefine Commands Using Comments in SQL*Plus Listing Your SQL Commands Editing Within SQL*Plus Inserting and Deleting Lines in SQL*Plus Adding to Text Incorporating Comments with the Remark Command Copying Tables with the Copy Command Making DML Changes Permanent with SQL*Plus Creating Web Pages Using SQL*Plus Key SQL*Plus Database Administration Commands The Recover Command The Start and Shutdown Commands The Archivelog Command Commands for Formatting SQL*Plus Output and Creating Reports The Break Command The Column Command The Compute Command The Repfooter Command The Repheader Command The Btitle and Ttitle Commands Using SQL to Generate SQL Introducing the Oracle9i isql*plus Interface Installing the isql*plus Software Configuring isql*plus Using the isql*plus Interface Authentication Levels Executing Statements A Security Warning for isql*plus Summary xii

7 Chapter 7 Schema Management in Oracle9i Types of SQL Statements in Oracle System Control Statements Session Control Statements Data Manipulation Statements Transaction Control Statements Data Definition Statements Oracle Schema Management Creating and Managing Tablespaces Locally and Dictionary Managed Tablespaces Creating Locally Managed Tablespaces Creating a Simple Table Special Oracle Tables Temporary Tables Index-Organized Tables External Tables Partitioned Tables Data Dictionary Views for Managing Tables Clusters Hash Clusters Oracle Indexes Guidelines for Creating Indexes Oracle Index Schemes Creating a Simple Index Bitmap Indexes Reverse Key Indexes Function-Based Indexes Partitioned Indexes Monitoring Index Usage Index Maintenance Database Integrity Constraint Management Primary Key Constraints Not Null Constraints Check Constraints Unique Constraints Referential Integrity Constraints xiii

8 Integrity Constraint States Disabling Integrity Constraints Rely Constraints Deferrable and Immediate Constraints Using Synonyms Creating a Public Synonym Creating a Private Synonym Viewing Information on Synonyms Using Sequences Using Triggers Using Views Using Materialized Views Using the Summary Advisor Creating Materialized Views Summary Chapter 8 Oracle Transaction Management Transactions Anatomy of a SQL Transaction Parsing Binding Execution Transaction Properties Transaction Concurrency Control Concurrency Problems Schedules and Serializability The ISO Transaction Standard Oracle Transaction Management Oracle s Isolation Levels Changing the Default Isolation Level The Read-Only Isolation Level The Serializable Isolation Level The Read Committed vs. the Serializable Level of Isolation Implementing Oracle s Concurrency Control Oracle Locking Methods Oracle Lock Types Oracle Lock Modes Explicit Locking in Oracle Managing Oracle Locks Using Undo Records to Provide Read Consistency Automatic Undo Management xiv

9 Querying Old Data with Oracle Flashback Implementing Flashback Query Discrete Transactions Autonomous Transactions Resumable Storage Allocation Resumable Operations Common Resumable Errors Using the Resumable Space Allocation Feature Notification of Suspended Operations Monitoring Resumable Space Allocation Managing Long Transactions Benefits of Using the Workspace Manager Table Versioning and Workspaces Managing the Workspace Manager Summary Part Three Database Creation, Connectivity, and User Management Chapter 9 Creating an Oracle Database Getting Ready to Create the Database Installing the Software Creating the File System for the Database Ensuring Enough Memory Is Allocated Getting Necessary Authorizations Setting the Operating System Environment Variables Creating the Initialization File Important Oracle9i Initialization Parameters Rollback Segment Parameters Undocumented Initialization Parameters Viewing the Current Initialization Parameter Values Reading the Init.ora File (or the SPFILE) The V$PARAMETER Table The Show Parameter Command Creating the Database Setting Operating System Variables Ensuring You Have the Privileges to Create Databases Creating the Init.ora File Starting the Oracle Instance xv

10 The Create Database Script Running Oracle Scripts to Create Data Dictionary Objects Creating Additional Tablespaces Changing the Passwords for the Default Users Changing the Archive Logging Mode Running the Pupbld.sql File What Next? The Server Parameter File (SPFILE) Creating a Server Parameter File Scope of Dynamic Parameter Changes Starting and Shutting Down the Database Starting the Database Restricting Database Access Shutting Down the Database Quiescing a Database Suspending a Database Using V$VIEWS to Monitor Database Status Summary Chapter 10 Connectivity and Networking Oracle Networking and Database Connectivity Networking Concepts: How Oracle Networking Works Database Instance Name Database Service Name Connect Descriptors Connect Identifiers Connect Strings The Listener and Connectivity Automatic Service Registration Listener Commands Listener Management Naming and Connectivity Local Naming Host Naming Method External Naming Method Oracle Names The Directory Naming Method Oracle and Java Database Connectivity Establishing Database Connectivity Working with the Database A Complete Program Connectivity Troubleshooting Summary xvi

11 Chapter 11 User Management and Database Security Managing Users Preliminary Tasks Before Creating Users Creating a New User User Profiles and Resource Management Profile Parameters and Limits Using the Database Resource Manager Using the Database Resource Manager Creating Resource Plans and Plan Directives Enabling the Database Resource Manager Managing Access to Data Privileges in an Oracle Database Roles and Privileges Using Views and Stored Procedures to Manage Privileges Fine-grained Data Security Using Virtual Private Databases Label-Based Access Control Auditing Database Usage Customizing Database Auditing with the Help of Triggers Enabling Auditing Oracle Default Auditing Audit Levels Turning Auditing On Turning Auditing Off Using Fine-grained Auditing Managing the Audit Trail User Authentication Database Authentication of Users External Authentication Proxy Authentication Centralized User Authorization Enterprise User Security Shared Schemas Single Sign-On Data Encryption Using Oracle Internet Directory for Security Management Database Security Do s and Don ts User Accounts Passwords Operating System Authentication Audit Your Database Grant Privileges Appropriately xvii

12 Set Appropriate Permissions Safeguard the Network and the Listener Keep Up-to-Date Use Oracle s Advanced Security Feature Take Care of Application Security Useful Techniques for Managing Users How to Alter a Profile How to List User Information How to Find Out the Memory Use for Each Active Session What SQL Is a User Currently Executing? How to Log In As a Different User Useful DBA Views to Monitor User Roles and Privileges How to Kill a User s Session Summary Part Four Data Loading, Backup, and Recovery Chapter 12 Loading and Transforming Data Introduction to Data Loading and Transformation Loading Data with ETL Loading Data with the Oracle9i Warehouse Builder The SQL*Loader Utility Different Methods of Data Loading The SQL*Loader Control File Generating Data During the Load Invoking SQL*Loader Using External Tables to Load Data Using External Tables for Data Loading Important Access Parameters for External Tables Using SQL*Loader to Generate External Table Creation Statements Transforming Data Deriving the Data from Existing Tables Using PL/SQL to Transform Data Using SQL to Transform Data Some Useful SQL*Loader Data-Loading Techniques Using the When Clause During Loads Loading the Username into a Table Loading Large Data Fields into a Table Loading a Sequence Number into a Table xviii

13 Loading Data from a Table into an ASCII File Identifying and Removing Duplicate Data Dropping Indexes Before Bulk Data Loads Loading into Multiple Tables Trapping Error Codes from SQL*Loader Loading XML Data into an Oracle XML Database Summary Chapter 13 Using the Export and Import Utilities Exporting and Importing Data Using the Export Utility Export Parameters Invoking the Export Utility Using the Import Utility The Order of Importing Import Parameters Invoking the Import Utility Transportable Tablespaces Uses of Transportable Tablespaces Transporting a Tablespace Some Export and Import Techniques Avoiding Common Export/Import Errors Using the Statistics Parameter Appropriately Understanding the Limitations of the Export and Import Utilities Performing an Efficient Database Migration Restoring a Database Using the Export and Import Utilities Exporting and Importing Large Databases UNIX Shell Script to Automate Exports Ensuring the Validity of the Exports Optimizing Exports and Imports Summary Chapter 14 Backing Up Databases Backing Up Oracle Databases Important Backup Terms Backup Strategies Backing Up the Other Files A Summary of Backup Methods xix

14 Oracle Recovery Manager Benefits of RMAN RMAN Architecture Connecting to RMAN Scripting with RMAN Important RMAN Terms RMAN Commands Configuring RMAN Creating the Recovery Catalog Examples of Various Backups Using RMAN Performing Incremental Backups Using RMAN to Perform Online Backups Using a Media Management Layer with RMAN Using Legato Single Server Version with RMAN The LSSV Architecture Installing LSSV Using LSSV LSSV and RMAN Creating Backups with Operating System Commands Making Whole Database Backups Partial Database Backups Monitoring User-Managed Online Backups Enhanced Data Protection for Disaster Recovery Oracle Data Guard and Standby Databases Physical and Logical Standby Databases Protection Modes Database Corruption and Testing Backups Oracle Data Block Corruption Detecting Data Block Corruption Verification of RMAN Backups Oracle s HARD Initiative Techniques and Troubleshooting Monitoring RMAN The ORA_00257 Error Summary Chapter 15 Database Recovery Types of Database Failures System Failure Fast-Start Fault Recovery Data Center Disasters Human Error Media Failures xx

15 Extent of Database Failure and Types of Recovery Restoring vs. Recovering a Database Time Needed for Recovery Complete and Incomplete Recovery Open and Closed Recovery Reducing Your Vulnerability Performing Recovery with RMAN Why RMAN Is Best for Recovery User-Managed Recovery of a Database Typical Media Recovery Scenarios Complete Recovery of a Whole Database Recovering a Tablespace Recovering a Data File Incomplete Recovery Recovering from the Loss of Control Files Recovering a Data File Without a Backup Cloning a Database Using RMAN Cloning a Database Manually Techniques for Granular Recovery Tablespace Point-in-Time Recovery Using RMAN for TSPITR Using LogMiner for Precision Recovery Using Flashback Query for Recovery Repairing Data Corruption and Trial Recovery Block Media Recovery Trial Recovery Troubleshooting Recovery The ORA Error The ORA Error The ORA Error Summary Part Five Managing the Operational Oracle Database Chapter 16 Managing the Operational Database Oracle s Automatic Management Features Fully Locally Managed Databases Automatic Undo Management Resumable Space Allocation Automating and Monitoring Recovery Time xxi

16 Easy File Management with OMF Benefits of Using OMF Creating Oracle Managed Files Online Capabilities of Oracle9i Online Data Reorganization Online Table Redefinition Dynamic Resource Management Online Database Block Changes Dynamic Memory Reconfiguration Using Database Quiescing for Online Maintenance Suspending the Database Managing the Online Redo Logs Managing the Archived Logs Managing a Database Link Mapping Oracle Files to Physical Devices Architecture of File Mapping Setting Up File Mapping Tips and Troubleshooting Problems During Quiescing a Database Failed Online Table Redefinitions Problems During Online Index Rebuilds Summary Chapter 17 Using Oracle9i Enterprise Manager Oracle Enterprise Manager Benefits of Using OEM to Manage Databases The Various Systems of OEM The OEM Architecture and Components Configuring OEM Configuring the Intelligent Agent Configuring the Management Server Configuring the OEM Console Configuring Reporting Running the Console from a Web Browser Using the OEM Console Discovering Services The Services.ora File Database Management Through OEM Database Instance Management Database Schema Management Database Security Management Database Storage Management Distributed Database Management xxii

17 Using the OEM Wizards The Export and Import Wizards The Analyze Wizard The Backup Wizard Using the OEM Reporting Features Prebuilt and Custom Reports Accessing the Reporting Web Site Managing Jobs with OEM The Job Detail View Creating a Job Managing Events with OEM Creating Events Specifying the Test Conditions Selecting the Test Criteria Scheduling the Event Configuring and Paging Notification Configuring Paging Notification Configuring Notification Oracle Management Packs Oracle Diagnostics Pack Oracle Tuning Pack Oracle Change Management Pack Troubleshooting OEM Summary Part Six Performance Tuning and Troubleshooting the Production Database Chapter 18 Improving Database Performance: SQL Query Optimization An Approach to Oracle Performance Tuning A Systematic Approach to Performance Tuning Reactive Performance Tuning SQL Coding Practices Optimizing Oracle Query Processing Parsing Optimization Query Execution xxiii

18 Query Optimization and the Oracle Cost-Based Optimizer Choosing Your Optimization Mode Providing Statistics About the Objects to the Optimizer Setting the Optimizer Mode Setting the Optimizer Level What Does the Optimizer Do? Drawbacks of the CBO Providing Statistics to the CBO Writing Efficient SQL Efficient Where Clauses Using Hints to Influence the Execution Plan Selecting the Best Join Method Using Bitmap Join Indexes Selecting the Best Join Order Indexing Strategy Using the OEM Index Tuning Wizard Monitoring Index Utilization Removing Unnecessary Indexes Using Similar SQL Statements Reducing SQL Overhead via Inline Functions Using Bind Variables Avoiding Improper Use of Views Avoiding Unnecessary Full Table Scans How the DBA Can Help Improve SQL Processing Using Partitioned Tables Using Compression Techniques Using Materialized Views Using Stored Outlines to Stabilize the CBO Using Parallel Execution Other DBA Tasks SQL Performance Tuning Tools Using the Explain Plan Using Autotrace Using SQL Trace and TKPROF Using V$SQLAREA to Find Inefficient SQL Using GUI Tools in Tuning A Simple Approach to Tuning SQL Statements Identify Problem Statements Locate the Source of the Inefficiency Tune the Statement Compare Performance Summary xxiv

19 Chapter 19 Performance Tuning: Tuning the Instance An Introduction to Instance Tuning Tuning Oracle Memory Tuning the Shared Pool Tuning the Buffer Cache Tuning the Large Pool Tuning PGA Memory Automatic PGA Memory Management Evaluating System Performance CPU Performance Disk I/O Measuring I/O Performance Is the I/O Optimally Distributed? Reducing Disk Contention The Oracle SAME Guidelines for Optimal Disk Usage Collecting Instance Performance Statistics with Statspack Installing Statspack Using Statspack Measuring Instance Performance Database Hit Ratios Database Wait Statistics Know Your Application Operating System Memory Management When a Database Hangs Handling a Stuck Archiver Process System Utilization Problems Excessive Contention for Resources Locking Issues Abnormal Increase in Process Size Delays Due to Shared Pool Problems Problems Due to Bad Statistics Collecting Information During a Database Hang A Simple Approach to Instance Tuning What s Happening in the Database? Are There Any Long-Running Transactions? Is Oracle the Problem? Is the Network Okay? Is the System CPU Bound? Is the System I/O Bound? Checking Memory-Related Issues xxv

20 Is the System Wait Bound? Eliminating the Contention Summary Chapter 20 The Oracle Data Dictionary and the Dynamic Performance Views The Oracle Data Dictionary How Is the Data Dictionary Created? Using the Data Dictionary Static Views General Views User Management Related Views Audit-Related Views Storage-Related Views Views for Monitoring Transactions Constraint- and Index-Related Views Views for Managing Database Objects Views for Managing Tables and Views Using the Dynamic Performance Tables Memory-Related Views Backup-Related Views Session- and User-Related Views Redo Log and Archive Log Related Views Recovery-Related Views Performance Monitoring Views SQL-Related Views Operational Performance Related Views General Views Storage- and File-Related Views Summary Chapter 21 Using Oracle PL/SQL Packages xxvi Overview of the Oracle-Supplied PL/SQL Packages Who Creates the Oracle Packages? How Do You Use the Oracle Packages? DBMS_JOB Using the DBMS_JOB Package Other DBMS_JOB Procedures DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO DBMS_SESSION Set_Role Set_Sql_Trace Switch_Current_Consumer_Group

21 DBMS_SYSTEM Set_Sql_Trace_In_Session Set_Int_Param_In_Session Set_Bool_Param_In_Session Set_Ev DBMS_OUTPUT DBMS_REPAIR Using the DBMS_REPAIR Package Fixing Block Corruption DBMS_OUTLN and DBMS_OUTLN_EDIT Using the DBMS_OUTLN Package to Manage Stored Outlines Tracking the Outlines in the Database DBMS_SPACE DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN DBMS_PROFILER A Useful Package for Developers Installing the DBMS_PROFILER Package Using the DBMS_PROFILER Package UTL_FILE Using the UTL_FILE Package A Simple Example Using the UTL_FILE Package UTL_SMTP Procedures in the UTL_SMTP Package Using the UTL_SMTP Package DBMS_SHARED_POOL DBMS_LOGSTDBY Oracle Packages in Earlier Chapters The DBMS_STATS Package DBMS_RLS DBMS_FGA DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER DBMS_RESUMABLE DBMS_OLAP DBMS_MVIEW DBMS_METADATA DBMS_REDEFINITION DBMS_FLASHBACK DBMS_WM DBMS_LOGMNR DBMS_REFRESH DBMS_TTS DBMS_UTILITY DBMS_STORAGE_MAP Summary xxvii

22 Chapter 22 Managing Oracle Databases on Windows and Linux Systems Oracle9i and Windows Database Access Methods Oracle Support for.net Integration with Windows Services Essential Differences in Managing Oracle on Windows and UNIX Processes vs. Threads Oracle Service Threads Services and Daemons Tuning Memory Resources CPU and Memory Considerations Automatic Start-up and Shutdown Users and Groups The File Systems The Windows Copy Utilities Differences in the Use of the GUI Automating Jobs Diagnostic Tools Installing Oracle9i on a Windows System The Windows Registry Using the Registry Managing Oracle on Windows Systems Oracle Services Starting Up and Shutting Down the Oracle Database Using the Oracle Administration Assistant for NT Uninstalling Oracle on Windows Oracle9i and Linux Oracle s Commitment to Linux Ensuring You Have a Stable Version of Linux Managing Oracle on Linux Summary Appendix A Brief Oracle9i SQL and PL/SQL Primer The Oracle9i Sample Schemas Basic SQL The Select Statement The Insert Statement xxviii

23 The Delete Statement The Update Statement Filtering Data Sorting the Results of a Query The Order By Clause Sorting Order Sorting by Multiple Columns Operators Comparison Operators Logical Operators The Set Operators SQL Functions Single-Row Functions Aggregate Functions Number and Date Functions General Functions and Conditional Expressions SQL Analytical Functions Hierarchical Retrieval of Data Selecting Data from Multiple Tables The Cartesian Product The Four Types of Oracle Joins Grouping Operations Nesting Group Functions The Group By Clause with a Rollup Operator The Group By Clause with a Cube Operator The Group By Clause with a Grouping Operator The Group By Clause with a Grouping Sets Operator The Having Clause Writing Subqueries Top N Analysis Single-Row Subqueries Multiple-Row Subqueries Multiple-Column Subqueries Advanced Subqueries The Exists and Not Exists Operators Abstract Data Types The Create Type Command Object Tables Collections Type Inheritance The Cast Operator xxix

24 Using PL/SQL The Basic PL/SQL Block Declaring Variables Writing Executable Statements Handling Errors PL/SQL Control Structures Conditional Control PL/SQL Looping Constructs Cursors Implicit Cursors Explicit Cursors Cursor Attributes Cursor For Loops PL/SQL Records Cursor Variables Functions Packages Oracle XML DB Storing XML in Oracle XML DB The Oracle XML DB Repository Setting Up an XML Schema Creating a Relational View from an XML Document Oracle9i and Java Using Java with Oracle Summary Index xxx