Oracle RMAN for Absolute Beginners

Transcription

1 Oracle RMAN for Absolute Beginners Darl Kuhn Apress

2 Contents About the Author Acknowledgments Introduction xvii xix xxi Chapter 1: Getting Started... 1 Connecting to Your Database 1 Establishing OS Variables 2 Using OS Authentication 4 Using a Password File 6 Starting the Database 8 Stopping the Database 11 Summary 12 Chapter 2: Files in Support of Backup and Recovery Operations 13 Managing Control Files 13 Viewing Control File Names and Locations 15 Adding a Control File 16 Moving a Control File 18 Removing a Control File 20 Managing Online Redo Logs 20 Displaying Online Redo Log Information 23 Determining the Optimal Size of Online Redo Log Groups 24 Determining the Optimal Number of Redo Log Groups 25 Adding Online Redo Log Groups 27 vii

3 Resizing and Dropping Online Redo Log Groups 27 Adding Online Redo Log Files to a Group 29 Removing Online Redo Log Files from a Group 29 Moving or Renaming Redo Log Files 29 Implementing Archivelog Mode 30 Making Architectural Decisions 31 Setting the Archive Redo File Location 31 Enabling Archivelog Mode 35 Disabling Archivelog Mode 36 Reacting to a Lack of Disk Space in Your Archive Log Destination 36 Backing Up Archive Redo Log Files 37 Managing Tablespaces and Data files 37 Understanding the First Five 38 Understanding the Need for More 39 Creating Tablespaces 40 Renaming a Tablespace 42 Controlling the Generation of Redo 43 Changing a Tablespace's Write Mode 44 Dropping a Tablespace 44 Using Oracle Managed Files 46 Creating a Bigfile Tablespace 47 Enabling Default Table Compression within a Tablespace 48 Displaying Tablespace Size Altering Tablespace Size Toggling Data Files Offline and Online Renaming or Relocating a Data File Summary 58 Chapter 3: User-Managed Backup and Recovery 59 Implementing a Cold-Backup Strategy for a Noarchivelog Mode Database 60 Making a Cold Backup of a Noarchivelog Mode Database 60 Restoring a Cold Backup in Noarchivelog Mode with Online Redo Logs 62 viii

4 Restoring a Cold Backup in Noarchivelog Mode Without Online Redo Logs 63 Scripting a Cold Backup and Restore 64 Making a Cold Backup of an Archivelog Mode Database 67 Implementing a Hot Backup Strategy 68 Making a Hot Backup 69 Scripting Hot Backups 72 Understanding the Split-Block Issue 74 Understanding the Need for Redo Generated During Backup 77 Understanding That Data Files Are Updated 78 Performing a Complete Recovery of an Archivelog Mode Database 79 Restoring and Recovering with the Database Offline 80 Restoring and Recovering with a Database Online 84 Restoring Control Files 85 Performing an Incomplete Recovery of an Archivelog Mode Database 88 Summary 91 Chapter 4: Configuring RMAN 93 Understanding RMAN 93 Starting RMAN 96 RMAN Architectural Decisions Running the RMAN Client Remotely or Locally Specifying the Backup User Using Online or Offline Backups Setting the Archive Redo Log Destination and File Format Configuring the RMAN Backup Location and File Format Setting the Autobackup of the Control File Specifying the Location of the Autobackup of the Control File Backing Up Archive Redo Logs Determining the Location for the Snapshot Control File Using a Recovery Catalog Using a Media Manager 108 ix

5 12. Setting the CONTROL_FILE_RECORD_KEEP_TIME Initialization Parameter Configuring RMAN's Backup Retention Policy Configuring the Archive Redo Logs' Deletion Policy Setting the Degree of Parallelism Using Backup Sets or Image Copies Using Incremental Backups Using Incrementally Updated Backups Using Block Change Tracking Configuring Binary Compression Configuring Encryption Configuring Miscellaneous Settings Configuring Informational Output 116 Segueing from Decision to Action 117 Summary 120 Chapter 5: RMAN Backups and Reporting 121 Preparing to Run RMAN Backup Commands 121 Setting NLS_DATE_FORMAT 122 Setting ECHO Setting ECHO Showing Variables Running Backups, Backing Up the Entire Database Backing Up Tablespaces Backing Up Data Files Backing Up the Control File Backing up the spfile Backing Up Archive Redo Logs Backing Up FRA 127 Excluding Tablespaces from Backups 127 Backing Up Data Files Not Backed Up 128 Skipping Read-Only Tablespaces 128 X

6 Skipping Offline or Inaccessible Files 129 Backing Up Large Files in Parallel 129 Adding RMAN Backup Information to the Repository 130 Taking Backups of Pluggable Databases 131 While Connected to the Root Container 131 While Connected to a Pluggable Database 132 Creating Incremental Backups 133 Taking Incremental-Level Backups 133 Making Incrementally Updating Backups 134 Using Block Change Tracking 135 Checking for Corruption in Data Files and Backups 136 Using VALIDATE 136 Using BACKUP-VALIDATE 137 Using RESTORE...VALIDATE 138 Using a Recovery Catalog 138 Creating a Recovery Catalog 138 Registering a Target Database 139 Backing Up the Recovery Catalog 140 Synchronizing the Recovery Catalog 140 Recovery Catalog Versions 140 Dropping a Recovery Catalog 141 Logging RMAN Output 141 Redirecting Output to a File 141 Capturing Output with Linux/Unix Logging Commands 142 Logging Output to a File 143 Querying for Output in the Data Dictionary 143 RMAN Reporting 143 Using LIST 144 Using REPORT 144 Using SQL 145 Summary 148 xi

7 Chapter 6: RMAN Restore and Recovery 14» Determining if Media Recovery Is Required 150 Determining What to Restore 151 How the Process Works 151 Using Data Recovery Advisor 152 Using RMAN to Stop/Start Oracle 156 Shutting Down 156 Starting Up 156 Complete Recovery 157 Testing Restore and Recovery 157 Restoring and Recovering the Entire Database 159 Restoring and Recovering Tablespaces 160 Restoring Read-Only Tablespaces 161 Restoring Temporary Tablespaces 161 Restoring and Recovering Data Files 162 Restoring Data Files to Nondefault Locations 163 Performing Block-Level Recovery 165 Restoring a Container Database and Its Associated Pluggable Databases 166 Restoring Archive Redo Log Files 168 Restoring to the Default Location 168 Restoring to a Nondefault Location 169 Restoring a Control File 169 Using a Recovery Catalog 169 Using an Autobackup 170 Specifying a Backup File Name 170 Restoring the spfile 171 Incomplete Recovery 172 Determining the Type of Incomplete Recovery 174 Performing Time-Based Recovery 174 Performing Log Sequence-Based Recovery 175 xii

8 Performing SCN-Based Recovery 175 Restoring to a Restore Point 176 Restoring Tables to a Previous Point 176 Flashing Back a Table 177 FLASHBACK TABLE TO BEFORE DROP 178 Flashing Back a Table to a Previous Point in Time 179 Flashing Back a Database 180 Restoring and Recovering to Different Server 182 Step 1. Create an RMAN Backup on the Originating Database 183 Step 2. Copy the RMAN Backup to the Destination Server 184 Step 3. Ensure That Oracle Is Installed 184 Step 4. Source the Required OS Variables 184 Step 5. Create an init.ora File for the Database to Be Restored 184 Step 6. Create Any Required Directories for Data Files, Control Files, and Dump/Trace Files 185 Step 7. Start Up the Database in Nomount Mode 185 Step 8. Restore the Control File from the RMAN Backup 185 Step 9. Start Up the Database in Mount Mode 186 Step 10. Make the Control File Aware of the Location of the RMAN Backups 186 Step 11. Rename and Restore the Data Files to Reflect New Directory Locations 187 Step 12. Recover the Database 188 Step 13. Set the New Location for the Online Redo Logs 189 Step 14. Open the Database 190 Step 15. Add the Temp File 190 Step 16. Rename the Database 191 Summary 193 Chapter 7: Handling Online Redo Log Failures 195 Determining a Course of Action 195 Restoring After Losing One Member of Multiplexed Group 198 Recovering After Loss of All Members of Inactive Redo Log Group 201 Dropping a Log File Group 203 xiii

9 Recovering After Loss of All Members of Active Redo Log Group 204 Recovering After Loss of All Members of Current Redo Log Group 205 Summary 206 BChapter 8: Data Pump 207 Data Pump Architecture 208 Getting Started 210 Taking an Export 211 Importing a Table 213 Using a Parameter File 213 Exporting and Importing with Granularity 214 Exporting and Importing an Entire Database 215 Schema Level 216 Table Level 217 Tablespace Level 217 Transferring Data 218 Exporting and Importing Directly Across the Network 218 Copying Data Files 220 Features for Manipulating Storage 222 Exporting Tablespace Metadata 222 Specifying Different Data File Paths and Names 222 Importing into a Tablespace Different from the Original 223 Changing the Size of Data Files 223 Changing Segment and Storage Attributes 224 Filtering Data and Objects 225 Specifying a Query 225 Exporting a Percentage of the Data 226 Excluding Objects from the Export File 226 Excluding Statistics 228 Including Only Specific Objects in an Export File 228 xiv

10 Exporting Table, Index, Constraint, and Trigger DDL 229 Excluding Objects from Import 229 Including Objects in Import 229 Common Data Pump Tasks 230 Estimating the Size of Export Jobs 230 Listing the Contents of Dump Files 230 Cloning a User 231 Creating a Consistent Export 232 Importing When Objects Already Exist 233 Renaming a Table 234 Remapping Data 235 Suppressing a Log File 236 Using Parallelism 236 Specifying Additional Dump Files 237 Reusing Output File Names 237 Creating a Daily DDL File 238 Compressing Output 239 Changing Table Compression Characteristics on Import 239 Encrypting Data 240 Exporting Views As Tables 241 Disabling Logging of Redo on Import 241 Interactive Command Mode 241 Entering Interactive Command Mode 242 Attaching to a Running Job 243 Stopping and Restarting a Job 244 Terminating a Data Pump Job 245 Monitoring Data Pump Jobs 245 Data Pump Log File 245 Data Dictionary Views 246 Database Alert Log 246 XV

11 Status Table 247 Interactive Command Mode Status 247 OS Utilities 247 Data Pump Legacy Mode 248 Data Pump Mapping to the exp Utility 248 Data Pump Mapping to the imp Utility 249 Summary 250 Index 251 xvi