Using MIS. Chapter 5. Database Processing. Tenth Edition

Transcription

1 Using MIS Tenth Edition Chapter 5 Database Processing Slides in this presentation contain hyperlinks. JAWS users should be able to get a list of links by using INSERT+F7

2 We Don t Have a Way to Track the Data About the Videos. Falcon Security stores sequentially numbered digital video files in separate directories for each client. Tracking down exact footage of when equipment was stolen means searching hundreds of video files. Need database to track video files. MongoDB for tracking video files?

3 Learning Objectives 5.1 What is the purpose of a database? 5.2 What is a database? 5.3 What is a database management system (DBMS)? 5.4 How do database applications make databases moreuseful? 5.5 How are data models used for database development? 5.6 How is a data model transformed into a database design? 5.7 How can Falcon Security benefit from a database system? ?

4 Learning Objective 5.1 What is the purpose of a database?

5 Why Use A Database? Organize and keep track of things. Keep track of multiple themes. General rule: Single theme - store in a spreadsheet. Multiple themes - use a database. What's a theme? Ex: student grades, student s, student office visits.

6 A List of Student Grades Presented in a Spreadsheet Single Theme Figure 5-1 A List of Student Grades Presented in a Spreadsheet Source: Microsoft Excel 2016

7 Student Data Form for a Database Application Figure 5-2 Student Data Shown in a Form from a Database Source: Microsoft Access 2016

8 Learning Objective 5.2 What is a database?

9 Q2 What is a Database? Figure 5-3 Student Table (also called a file)

10 Figure 5-4 Hierarchy of Data Elements

11 Figure 5-5 Components of a Database

12 Figure 5-6 Example of Relationships Among Rows

13 Sample of Access Metadata Figure 5-7 Sample Metadata (in Access) Source: Microsoft Access 2016

14 Querying Inequality? (1 of 2) Ethics Guide MaryAnn has a data mart. Business professional majored in HR, now expert in SQL. Uses SQL to do job faster and better. Examined data, saw possible discriminatory pattern. What would you do from categorical imperative and utilitarian perspectives?

15 Querying Inequality? (2 of 2) Queries could reveal all sorts of patterns and trends. Be sure what answers you want before starting query. How strongly do you feel about social and personal responsibility, considering your needs and those of your family? How important is social responsibility posture of an employer to you? Is that something to add to your criteria for a job search?

16 Slick Analytics (1 of 2) So What? CIOs are looking to merge the storage and analysis of cloud-based data into one synergistic operation. Laredo Petroleum Old approach used numerous spreadsheets and manual calculations. Value of data diminished due to the time it took to analyze the data. New approach uses cloud storage and cloud analytics.

17 Slick Analytics (2 of 2) Laredo Petroleum Needs to know when it should clean chemical deposits in its wells. Cloud storage and analytics improved scalability, robust data analysis, and data accessibility. Cloud analytics will grow by 46 percent through Security and privacy concerns are drawbacks to cloud services.

18 Learning Objective 5.3 What is a database management system (DBMS)?

19 Database Management System (DBMS) Program to create, process, administer a database. Licensed from vendors IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, and others. DB2, Access, SQL Server, Oracle Database. Open source MySQL: License-free for most applications.

20 Processing the Database (1 of 2) DBMS Process Operations Read Insert Modify Delete data

21 Processing the Database (2 of 2) Structured Query Language SQL (see-quell) International standard Used by nearly all DBMS SQL Example INSERT INTO Student ([Student Number], [Student Name], HW1, HW2, MidTerm) VALUES (1000, Franklin, Benjamin, 90, 95, 100)

22 Adding a New Column to a Table (in Access 2016) Figure 5-8 Adding a New Column to a Table (in Access) Source: Microsoft Access 2016

23 Administering the Database Set up security system, user accounts, passwords, permissions, limits for processing. Limit user permissions. Back up database, improve performance of database applications, remove unwanted data.

24 Figure 5-9 Summary of Database Administration (DBA) Tasks (1 of 2) Category Development Development Database Administration Task Create and staff DBA function Form steering committee Description Size of DBA group depends on size and complexity of database. Groups range from one part-time person to small group. Consists of representatives of all user groups. Forum for community-wide discussions and decisions. Development Specify requirements Ensure that all appropriate user input is considered. Development Validate data model Check data model for accuracy and completeness. Development Evaluate application design Verify that all necessary forms, reports, queries, and applications are developed. Validate design and usability of application components. Operation Operation Manage processing rights and responsibilities Manage security Determine processing rights/restrictions on each table and column. Add and delete users and user groups as necessary; ensure that security system works.

25 Figure 5-9 Summary of Database Administration (DBA) Tasks (2 of 2) Category Operation Operation Database Administration Task Track problems and manage resolution Monitor database performance Description Develop system to record and manage resolution of problems. Provide expertise/solutions for performance improvements. Operation Manage DBMS Evaluate new features and functions. Backup and Recovery Backup and Recovery Backup and Recovery Adaptation Adaptation Monitor backup procedures Conduct training Manage recovery Set up request tracking system Manage configuration change Verify that database backup procedures are followed. Ensure that users and operations personnel know and understand recovery procedures. Manage recovery process. Develop system to record and prioritize requests for change. Manage impact of database structure changes on applications and users.

26 Learning Objective 5.4 How do database applications make databases more useful?

27 Forms, Queries, Reports, and Applications Forms Queries Reports Application programs View data; insert new, update existing, delete existing data. Search using values provided by user. Structured presentation of data using sorting, grouping, filtering, other operations. Provide security, data consistency, special purpose processing, e.g., handle out-of-stock situations.

28 Users Accessing Databases Figure 5-10 Components of a Database Application System

29 Figure 5-11 Example of a Student Report

30 Query Example Figure 5-12A Sample Query Form Used to Enter Phrase for Search Figure 5-12B Sample Query Results of Query Operation Source: Microsoft Access 2016

31 Browser Forms, Reports, Queries, and Applications Figure 5-13 Four Application Programs on a Web Server Computer

32 Figure 5-14 Account Creation Browser Form Source: Microsoft Corporation

33 Figure 5-15 Browser Report Source: Microsoft Corporation

34 Figure 5-16 Graphical Query: User Clicks on Video Icon to Find All Videos from That Location

35 Multiuser Processing Problem

36 Learning Objective 5.5 How are data models used for database development?

37 Q5 How Are Data Models Used for Database Development? Figure 5-17 Database Development Process

38 What is the Entity-Relationship Data Model? Entities Something to track. Order, customer, salesperson, item, volunteer, donation Attributes Describe characteristics of entity. OrderNumber, CustomerNumber, VolunteerName, PhoneNumber Identifier Uniquely identifies one entity instance from other instances Student_ID_Number

39 Figure 5-18 Student Data Model Entities

40 Figure 5-19 Example of Department, Adviser, and Student Entities and Relationships

41 Figure 5-20 Sample Relationships Version 1

42 Figure 5-21 Sample Relationships Version 2

43 Crow s-foot Diagram Version Figure 5-22 Sample Relationships Showing Both Maximum and Minimum Cardinalities

44 Learning Objective 5.6 How is a data model transformed into a database design?

45 Q6 How is a Data Model Transformed into a Database Design? Normalization Converting poorly structured tables into two or more well-structured tables. Goal Construct tables with single theme or entity. Purpose Minimize data integrity problems.

46 Data Integrity Problems Data integrity problems. Incorrect or inconsistent information. Users lose confidence in information. System gets a poor reputation. Can only occur if data are duplicated.

47 Poorly Designed Employee Table Causes Data Integrity Problem Figure 5-23 A Poorly Designed Employee Table

48 Figure 5-24 Two Normalized Tables Employee Name HireDate Department Number Jones Feb 1, Smith Dec 3, Chau March 7, Greene July 17, Department Department Number Department Name 100 Accounting 200 Marketing 300 Information Systems

49 Summary of Normalization Figure 5-25 Transforming a Data Model into a Database Design Represent each entity with a table Entity identifier becomes table key Entity attributes become table columns Normalize tables as necessary Represent relationships Use foreign keys Add additional tables for N:M relationships

50 Representing 1:N Relationships Figure 5-26 Representing a 1:N Relationship

51 Representing an N:M Relationship: Strategy for Foreign Keys Figure 5-27 Representing an N:M Relationship

52 Users Role in the Development of Databases Final judges. Thorough review of data model. Entities must contain all the data users need to do their jobs. Must accurately reflect their view of the business. Take it seriously. Devote time.

53 Learning Objective 5.7 How can Falcon Security benefit from a database system?

54 A Database System at Falcon Security Find videos by querying their characteristics. Which videos do we have of the Beresford Building in October 2014, shot from 3,000 feet or less? Choices Store videos on a file server and keep metadata about each video in a relational database to query with SQL. Use NoSQL MongoDB.

55 Falcon Security Chooses Option 1 Use Access to store metadata. Figure 5-28 E-R Diagram for Falcon Security s Database Less risky: uses known technology. Creates E-R diagram. Decide to keep design simple at first.

56 Learning Objective ?

57 Database Processing in 2027? (1 of 2) Volume of database continues to grow. Cheap, unlimited storage, greater processing speeds in relational databases. Security becomes more important. Many NoSQL, NewSQL, and in-memory databases exist in commerce.

58 ACID Transactions Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, Durable transactions. Critical to traditional commercial applications. New Internet applications (Twitter) don t need ACID.

59 New Categories of DBMS (1 of 2) NoSQL DBMS (NotRelational DBMS) Supports very high transaction rates, processing relatively simple data structures, Replicated on many servers in the cloud, without ACID transaction support. MongoDB, Cassandra, Bigtable, and Dynamo.

60 New Categories of DBMS (2 of 2) NewSQL DBMS Process very high levels of transactions, like NoSQL DBMS, but provide ACID support. May or may not support relational model. Current hotbed of development. In-memory DBMS using SQL extension SAP HANA, Tableau. High volume ACID transaction support with complex relational query processing.

61 Database Processing in 2027? (2 of 2) Keep abreast of developments. Watch from investor s perspective. New opportunities and career paths will develop around these new DBMS products. Separate yourself from the competition when it comes to job interviews.

62 Big Data Losses (1 of 2) Security Guide Many companies are focusing on perfecting powerful Big Data tools. They spend little effort securing the data they collect. Information security is neglected for the sake of functionality and convenience. Security audit showed more than 39,000 NoSQL databases are exposed. 1.1 petabytes of this data were available online.

63 Big Data Losses (2 of 2) InformationWeek Survey: Poor database security practices at 20 percent of respondents. 1. Databases containing sensitive information are not secured. 2. Data breaches have occurred or it cannot be confirmed breaches have not occurred. 3. Security evaluations are not regularly conducted on respondents databases. Securing data is as important as accuracy and reporting capabilities.

64 Database Engineer Career Guide Jacob Case at Overstock.com Q. What attracted you to this field? A. I still remember my first database class. I just had a feeling that it was important because I knew businesses derive information and critical insights from data, and these insights are used to make critical business decisions. I knew that if I became proficient with managing and analyzing data I would always have a job. Q. What advice would you give to someone who is considering working in your field? A. Don't be intimidated by the idea of working in the field of information systems. If you are committed to learning, are teachable, are a great team player, and have a good attitude, you will learn a tremendous amount.

65 Dean s Piano Database Case Study Certified piano tuner and technician repairing and restoring pianos for many years. Figure 5-30 Deano the Clown Clown entertainer at children s parties. Source: Dean Petrich

66 Pianos in Storage Figure 5-31 Pianos in Storage Figure 5-32 Pianos in Tent Source: David Kroenke Source: David Kroenke

67 Figure 5-33 Columns in the Piano Table Source: Microsoft Corporation

68 Query Design and Result Figure 5-34 Example Query Source: Microsoft Corporation

69 Results from Query Figure 5-35 Results from Query in Figure 5-34 Source: Microsoft Corporation

70 Figure 5-36 Piano Sound Quality by Building Source: Microsoft Corporation

71 Copyright