idai.chronontology Wolfgang Schmidle, Nathalie Kallas, Sebastian Cuy (DAI) Florian Thiery (i3mainz) Digital Classicist Seminar Berlin,

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1 idai.chronontology Wolfgang Schmidle, Nathalie Kallas, Sebastian Cuy (DAI) Florian Thiery (i3mainz) Digital Classicist Seminar Berlin, CoDArchLab Cologne Digital Archaeology Laboratory i3mainz Institut für Raumbezogene Informations- und Messtechnik Hochschule Mainz

2 Time gazetteers Arachne no term definitions at all (on purpose) no dating information, can be added for individual items will move to chronontology Portraitbüste: Augustus

3 Time gazetteers Getty AAT very large, "Styles and Periods" facet has more than 5000 terms LOD descriptions but no real definitions spatial information only in free text inconsistent use of period types simple hierarchy Augustan

4 Time gazetteers PeriodO LOD, used in ARIADNE project regions and timespans as part of the definition Periods as objects of discourse

5 Time gazetteers FORTH thesaurus demonstrator for an "ideal" time gazetteer periods as concepts definitions/types and relations only 8 terms from one source bounding boxes (Spacetime volumes) will be ingested by ChronOntology

6 idai.welt

7 ChronOntology counterpart to idai.gazetteer ( part of idai.welt, guaranteed availability after end of project temporal norm data for the DAI LOD: stable URIs robust system for large amounts of data accept data of differing quality and completeness project partners can enter their data batch imports and user interface minimal goal: "get IDs for your temporal norm data" funded by German Research Foundation (DFG), 2015 to 2017

8 ChronOntology

9 Implementation Frontend and widgets: based on AngularJS beta version! Search Visualization of single datasets browse space and time on GitHub

10 Implementation Backend LOD hub, REST API Java JSON as data format elasticsearch on GitHub

11 Goals take care of time-specific challenges, e.g. definitions ingest data from electronic sources and secondary literature accommodate conflicting definitions and opinions easy to use for minimal datasets linking with other (time) gazetteers

12 Design principles attempt CIDOC CRM compatibility where possible: compatible with CIDOC CRM and extensions (periods as concepts) use E4 Period as basis (sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space) > but e.g. Murad II add properties only if there is evidence in the data

13 Design principles P1: A dataset describing a temporal term is not identified by its name, but a unique ID. This is a well-known general principle, just as a John Smith cannot be identified by his name alone. Using a unique ID allows creating different datasets for different usages of the same term, and one dataset can have more than one name associated with it.

14 Design principles P2: A temporal term can not defined by dating information. The definition and any dating information based on this definition should not be confounded. Only the definition determines whether we are talking about the same thing or not (co-reference), and only when a term has a definition or at least a type such as political or material culture one can meaningfully associate dating information with it. Similarly to a dictionary entry, a temporal term can have more than one meaning, each potentially leading to different datings. A temporal term may not even have any known explicit dating information, for instance when it is only part of a relative chronology. Likewise, a temporal term can be defined without knowing anything about its spatial extent. However, we strongly encourage adding explicit temporal and spatial information wherever it is missing Add information by reasoning (see gazetteer)

15 Design principles P3: Each defined temporal term is actually a spacetime volume (STV) I.e. the area in space and time where it happened, regardless of what we actually know about this STV. Any explicit spatial and temporal information given about the term approximates this STV. Follows from using E4 Period.

16 The Bronze Age is a time period characterized by the use of bronze. 500 BCE IA BA SA 1300 BCE 2100 BCE 2900 BCE 3700 BCE 4500 BCE Worldwide Near East Central Asia East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Europa Sub-saharian Africa

17 Design principles P4: Mark whether a period is ongoing or not. This information will have consequences for reasoning over the data, for example for establishing bounding boxes for the period. Different extents may be due to looking at it at different points in time.

18 Design principles P5: A link to the time gazetteer may contain additional information. Especially time information. The details need to be worked out. In any case, if one simply links to a dataset in the time gazetteer without specifying any additional information, the semantics of the connection defaults to the usual is part of or equal to interpretation of a gazetteer link.

19 Design principles P6: The data model should be robust enough to accommodate data with varying degrees of data quality and completeness. Temporal term data that was not designed for this time gazetteer should fit nonetheless. All typical statements about temporal terms should fit in. The data to be imported should be modeled semantically in a form that may contain imprecise statements, but explicitly wrong statements should be avoided. The data model should support a workflow for making the data more precise. Minimal set of information, first ingest without too much preparatory work

20 Data model about the dataset: ID names in different languages, preferred names provenance, external ID types, including all meanings same term with different types: political, material culture > pottery definition: standard definitions from name and type (real defs. rarely available) we would prefer explicit definitions (only for core?) description tags, notes created, modified, version dating information ongoing

21 Data model Relations between datasets: Sense, place, time, matching, other by definition: hassense / issenseof follows / isfollowedby ispartof / haspart matching: sameas, same as or finer than (more will come as needed) lists

22 Senses hassense / issenseof all meanings, political, etc. must be easy to use! no barrier to entry matching of similar senses: e.g. style vs. material culture complementary to e.g. PeriodO: some ChronOntology data may be added to PeriodO (as new statements), especially "all meanings"

23 Connection to the idai.gazetteer Gazetteer: split between Gazetteer and chronontology connection types: spatiallypartofregion, hascorearea, isnamedafter core area, ca. : problematic, but this is what is in the ingested data unify data models?

24 Time follows / isfollowedby ispartof / haspart Allen relations (at the moment only inferred) internal: hastimespan: timeoriginal, begin At, AtPrecision, End etc., source can be repeated Role of marker events Aegean Bronze Age: Use case FORTH thesaurus, different dating systems

25 Matching Data refinement: the better the data, the better the matching Use case: DAI thesauri Hochmittelalter (um 900 bis 1250) Arabische Münzen Barbarische Nachprägungen

26 The data so far Getty AAT periods facet (the biggest chunk) Arachne geological epochs (several sources) Secondary literature: Bronze age in the Levant "chronontology core": still a little experimental

27 Ingestion workflow should be doable in reasonable time, faster than the Getty AAT data only model explicitly what is given in the source add explicit definition (or at least type) from free text notes add explicit explicit temporal and spatial information if possible Statements should be at least not wrong ( equal to or restricted to sense ) can be made more precise at any time (different dataset) tested with different levels of pre-processing for different parts of the AAT

28 Ingestion workflow Core terms / ingested terms matching data: "sameas"

29 Ingestion workflow Minimal information: similar to PeriodO? Type? place? time? (becomes one opinion in the dataset) add provenance Arachne: just the terms, "all meanings"

30 Challenges Distinguish between e.g. Neolithic, limited in a strictly geographic sense to the Levant and Neolithic in the Levant as the latter may explicitly or implicitly have a different definition. Data sources inconsistent or unclear: European Bronze Age coexists with Bronze Age (three-age system) List nodes different opinions about whether one can apply Augustan to the ancient Greek city of Aphrodisias (now Turkey) a matter of precise definition

31 Reasoning pairs of properties inheriting the region (not yet implemented) ispartof (by definition) => is temporally part of

32 Mapping of actual term usage Visualisation

33 Mapping of actual term usage Visualisation

34 Gazetteer-based search Visualisation

35 Use case Augustan: meanings of a term, Roman art by Greek artists

36 Use case Viking Buddha: interplay of systems, formulate research questions

37 Named entities? extend system to accommodate non-modern terms (P5: A link to the time gazetteer may contain additional information)

38 Next steps prepare for hands-on session in March 2017: system should be ready to ingest data on the spot neutral URL Implementation: reach 1.0 version, including data editor extend the data model as needed documentation: best practices, type thesaurus, property hierarchies