Metadata and Encoding Standards for Digital Initiatives: An Introduction
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1 Metadata and Encoding Standards for Digital Initiatives: An Introduction Maureen P. Walsh, The Ohio State University Libraries KSU-SLIS Organization of Information October 29, 2007
2 Part One
3 Non-MARC Encoding Standards
4 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) an international standard for the description of marked-up electronic text a meta-language - a means of formally describing a language (in this case, a markup language) ISO 8879:1986 Information processing -- Text and office systems -- Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
5 SGML Derivatives HyperText Markup Language (HTML) HTML was designed to display data and to focus on how data looks Extensible Markup Language (XML) XML was designed to describe data and to focus on what data is
6 XML has become the de-facto standard for representing metadata descriptions of resources on the Internet. Hunter, Jane (2003) Working towards MetaUtopia: A Survey of Current Metadata Research. Library Trends 52(2): retrieved October 16, 2007
7 Why XML?
8 Why XML? Non-Proprietary / Interoperability / Platform Neutrality Data Longevity / Data Persistence / Future-Proofing Separation of Content from Display and Functionality / Repurposing Extensibility Advanced Linking Techniques Universal Character Set / Internationalization Miller, D.R.; Clarke, K.S Putting XML to work in the library: Tools for improving access and management. Chicago: American Library Association
9 What is XML?
10 XML X extensible can be extended and adapted M Markup data is marked up with tags L Language meta-language (a language in which other languages are created)
11 XML Language DTDs/XML Schema Grammar
12 Document Type Definition (DTD) A DTD defines the legal building blocks of an XML document A DTD defines the document structure with a list of legal elements and attributes A DTD can be declared inline inside an XML document or as an external reference
13 XML Schema Richer and more powerful than DTDs Provide a means for defining the structure, content, and semantics of XML documents in more detail Extensible to future additions Written in XML
14 XML in the Digital Library Community* METS (Metadata Encoding & Transmission Standard) - Structure for encoding descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata MODS (Metadata Object Description Standard) - XML markup for selected metadata from existing MARC 21 records as well as original resource description PREMIS (Preservation Metadata) - A data dictionary and supporting XML schemas for core preservation metadata needed to support the long-term preservation of digital materials MIX (NISO Metadata for Images in XML) - XML schema for encoding technical data elements required to manage digital image collections *Selected examples
15 The METS schema is a standard for encoding descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata regarding objects within a digital library, expressed using the XML schema language of the World Wide Web Consortium The standard is maintained in the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library of Congress, and is being developed as an initiative of the Digital Library Federation
16 METS records the (possibly hierarchical) structure of digital objects, the names and locations of the files that comprise those objects, and the associated metadata METS is a container for metadata and file pointers A METS document may be a unit of storage or a transmission format METS is extensible and modular, using wrappers or sockets where elements from other schemas can be plugged in METS can wrap the content of a digital entity as binary data, as well as all associated descriptive and administrative metadata METS uses the XML Schema facility for combining vocabularies from different Namespaces R. Guenther (2007): Using Metadata Standards in Digital Libraries: Introduction to METS, MODS, PREMIS and MIX
17 Provides a framework for holding all types of metadata for digital objects Does not prescribe content of metadata but recommends a number of schemes
18 Extension Schemas Descriptive Metadata Dublin Core MODS (Metadata Object Description Schema) MARCXML (MARC 21 XML Schema)
19 Extension Schemas Administrative Metadata MIX (NISO Metadata for Images in XML Schema) METSRights.xsd (Schema for Rights Declaration) textmd.xsd (Schema for Technical Metadata for Text) PREMIS schemas (Preservation Metadata)
20 MODS is a schema for a bibliographic element set expressed using the XML schema language of the World Wide Web Consortium It is intended to be able to carry selected data from existing MARC 21 records as well as to enable the creation of original resource description records The standard is maintained by the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library of Congress with input from users
21 An XML descriptive metadata standard A derivative of MARC Uses language based tags Contains a subset of MARC data elements Repackages elements to eliminate redundancies MODS does not assume the use of any specific rules for description Element set is particularly applicable to digital resources R. Guenther (2007): Using Metadata Standards in Digital Libraries: Introduction to METS, MODS, PREMIS and MIX
22 Advantages of METS/MODS-based approach Ability to model complex objects Easy to change, extend (both the data and the application) Non-proprietary software tools Common syntax: XML for data creation/editing/storage/searching Output to HTML, PDF for display Easy to edit single records or selected batches of records Ability to validate data Ability to aggregate disparate data sources METS for OAI harvesting Morgan Cundiff (2006) : Using METS and MODS to Create an XML Standards-based Digital Library Application
23 A data dictionary for metadata to support the longterm preservation of digital objects A piece of the necessary infrastructure for implementing reliable, sustainable preservation programs A supporting set of XML schema for implementation in a variety of contexts A maintenance activity hosted at LC including an Implementers Group and Editorial Committee R. Guenther (2007): Using Metadata Standards in Digital Libraries: Introduction to METS, MODS, PREMIS and MIX
24 Preservation metadata is information that supports and documents the digital preservation process: Provenance: Who has had custody/ownership of the digital object? Authenticity: Is the digital object what it purports to be? Preservation Activity: What has been done to preserve the digital object? Technical Environment: What is needed to render and use the digital object? Rights Management: What intellectual property rights must be observed?
25 Preservation metadata makes digital objects self-documenting across time
26 MIX is an XML schema for a set of technical data elements required to manage digital image collections. The schema provides a format for interchange and/or storage of the data specified in the Data Dictionary - Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images (ANSI/NISO Z ) MIX is expressed using the XML schema language of the World Wide Web Consortium MIX is maintained for NISO by the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library of Congress with input from users
27 An XML Schema designed for expressing technical metadata for digital still images Based on the NISO Z39.87 Data Dictionary Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images Used to express attributes of digital images such as file format, file size, dimensions, resolution, compression, etc. Can be used standalone or as an extension schema with METS R. Guenther (2007): Using Metadata Standards in Digital Libraries: Introduction to METS, MODS, PREMIS and MIX
28 Using METS, MODS, PREMIS, and MIX
29 Part Two
30 Using Dublin Core and XML in an Institutional Repository
31 Dublin Core - Encoding Syntax Independent HTML and XHTML Expressing Dublin Core in HTML/XHTML meta and link elements XML Guidelines for Implementing Dublin Core in XML RDF/XML Expressing Simple Dublin Core in RDF/XML Expressing Qualified Dublin Core in RDF/XML
32 Institutional Repositories
33 Institutional Repository a set of services for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its community members. an organizational commitment to the stewardship of digital materials, including long-term preservation where appropriate, as well as organization and access or distribution. Source: Lynch, Clifford. "Institutional Repositories: Essential Infrastructure for Scholarship in the Digital Age." ARL Bimonthly Report, No. 226, February Retrieved
34 Interoperability
35 Interoperability through Metadata Exchange Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH)
36 Discoverability
37 Searching Repository Content
38 OAIster Union Catalog of Digital Resources
39 CARL/ABRC OAI Harvester
40 CARL/ABRC OAI Harvester DSpace Archimède EPrints bepress
41 ResearchNow
42 OpenDOAR
43 The Ohio State University s Institutional Repository
44 Software
45 DSpace Captures, Indexes, Preserves, and Distributes Source: Retrieved
46 Metadata
47 KB Metadata Application Profile Core set of metadata elements and Dublin Core Metadata Element Set mappings to improve retrieval accuracy and resource discovery facilitate multi-institutional interoperability and quality control comply with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting enable collection migration, import & export between the Knowledge Bank and other systems as necessary
48 Knowledge Bank Communities
49 Community Metadata Application Profile
50 KB Item
51 KB Item (Simple Display)
52 KB Item (Full Display)
53 KB Item Metadata
54 KB Input Forms DTD
55 KB Input Forms XML
56 Customized Input Forms (XML)
57 Customized Input Forms (Display)
58 Customized Input Forms (XML)
59 Customized Input Forms (Display)
60 Customized Input Forms (XML)
61 Customized Input Forms (Display)
62 Customized Input Forms (XML)
63 Customized Input Forms (Display)
64 Customized Input Forms (XML)
65 Customized Input Forms (Display)
66 Customized Input Templates (Dublin Core)
67 Customized Input Templates (Display)
68 Customized Input Templates (Dublin Core)
69 Customized Input Templates (Display)
70 Customized Item Displays
71 Customized Item Displays
72 Customized Collection Displays
73 Batch Loading
74 Batch Loading
75 Repurposing MARC Metadata
76 Repurposing MARC Metadata Crosswalking MARC to MARCXML
77 Repurposing MARC Metadata Crosswalking MARCXML to Dublin Core in XML
78 Repurposing MARC Metadata Crosswalking MARCXML to Dublin Core in RDF/XML
79 Repurposing MARC Metadata MARC MARCXML Dublin Core in XML Community Specific Dublin Core using XSLT
80 The Knowledge Bank in Other Contexts
81 The Knowledge Bank in Google Scholar
82 The Knowledge Bank in Google
83 The Knowledge Bank in OpenDOAR
84 The Knowledge Bank in CIC Metadata Portal
85 The Knowledge Bank in OAIster
86 Shareable Metadata?
87 Can You Name This Harvested Resource?
88
89
90
91 Quality Metadata?
92
93
94 Preservation
95 Levels of Digital Preservation Bit preservation: ensures that a file remains exactly the same over time Functional preservation: the file does change over time so that the material continues to be immediately usable in the same way it was originally
96 Knowledge Bank Levels of Format Preservation Supported formats will be functionally preserved using either format migration or emulation techniques Known formats are those that we can t promise to preserve, such as proprietary or binary formats, but for which migration tools will likely emerge Unsupported formats are those that we don t know enough about to do any sort of functional preservation
97 Knowledge Bank File Format Support We will preserve all bitstreams as-is and allow them to be retrieved We will recognize as many file formats as possible We will support as many known file formats as possible
98 Knowledge Bank Format Preservation For all three levels (supported, known, unsupported) DSpace does bit-level preservation The Knowledge Bank attempts to keep the percentage of supported format material as high as possible The Knowledge Bank continually monitors formats and techniques to ensure we can accommodate needs as they arise
99 Knowledge Bank Bitstream Format Registry
100 Preservation Support Level Advice at Ingest
101 KB File Format Profile for Stored Objects* *Excludes files not hosted on the same server as the OAI interface and files over 2 megabytes in size. Source: ROAR (Registry of Open Access Repositories) retrieved
102 Non-Supported Files in the KB MS PPT Source: ROAR (Registry of Open Access Repositories) Retrieved
103 Checksum Display
104 Preservation Metadata
105 Thank You Maureen P. Walsh Metadata Librarian/Assistant Professor The Ohio State University Libraries
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