Text Structure EXPOSITORY. Text structure introduction lesson

Transcription

1 Text Structure EXPOSITORY Text structure introduction lesson

2 Review Narrative vs. Expository Begin at the beginning, the king said gravely, and go till you come to the end; then stop. Lewis Carroll Alice s Adventures in Wonderland (1865), p. 12 Table of Contents Chapters Headings Graphics Index

3 What do you know about the word text? Where have you heard it before?

4 What do you know about the word structure? Where have you heard it before?

5 Now, let s look at the outside structure.

6 Predict what is found inside each box below by looking at the outside of the box. Cochran and Hain,

7 How did you infer what was in each box? Size Shape Color Location Cochran and Hain,

8 Text is like a container: To figure out what s in the text examine structure of the outside of the text Cochran and Hain,

9 Which pattern tells a story? (Narrative) Which pattern gives information? (Expository) How can you tell? XXXXXXX xx XXXXXX 1 I. Xxxxx Xxxxxxx, xxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxxxx xxx xx xxxx. Xxxxx xx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxx. Xxxx, xxxxx, xxxx xxxxxx. II. Xxxx Xxxxx Xxxx, xxxx, xxx, xx: Xxxx Xxxxxxx xxx 2 XXXXXXX xx XXXXXX Xx xxx xxxxxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxxx. Xxxx, xxxxx xxxx xxxx! Xxxx xxxx xxxx. Xxxx! Xxxx! Xxxxxxx xxxx xxxx, xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx. Xxxx xxxx, Xxxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxx xxxxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxx xxxx? Cochran and Hain,

10 External text structures Found outside the main body of text. They include: Italics Bold Underlining Indentation Sidebars Pictures and graphics Headings and subheadings Footnotes

11 Now, let s look at the inside structure.

12 Why are you having a hard time figuring out what this is? Can you tell wha t th is is?

13 If you organize the parts inside the cabinet, you can better understand what it is.

14 Internal Text Structures Internal text structure is how the main body of the text is organized. It will be organized a certain way depending on its purpose.

15 Internal Text Structures Some text structures we will be studying. Sequential Chronological Comparison/Contrast Cause/Effect Problem/Solution Question/Answer Description

16 1. Sequence Steps or directions are listed in numerical or chronological order Some cue words: first, second, third, after, next, then and finally

17 Real life examples of Sequence Text Structure Recipes Science experiment steps Directions to set up your computer What steps should I follow to send a text message? A To-Do list Your turn! Now you come up with examples

18 Sequence Example You can do an experiment to give yourself goose bumps. First, roll up your sleeve. Next, rub an ice cube up and down your arm until you start to shiver. Finally, you will see small bumps appear on your skin.

19 2. Chronological Events are listed in chronological order to tell a story or history. Days, months, years, and seasons might be included. Some cue words: beginning, birth, child, adult, death, end, middle

20 Real life examples of Chronological Text Structure A timeline of your life An agenda A calendar A history book Your turn! Now you come up with examples

21 Chronological Example When I was young, before I started school, I thought goose bumps came from geese. Later, when I started third grade, my teacher explained why we get goose bumps.

22 3. Compare and Contrast Explains how two things are alike and/or different Often organized by a Venn diagram or T chart Some cue words: same, both, however, but, difference, differ, in contrast, while

23 Compare/Contrast example Some people get goose bumps from fear while others get goose bumps when they react emotionally.

24 Real life examples of Compare/Contrast How are the NBA and NFL alike? Which is better, a hybrid or conventional car? Which bank offers the best services for my money? Who should I ask for money, Mom or Dad? Your turn! Now you come up with examples

25 4. Cause and Effect Lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects Cue words: because, if then, since, reason, why, when then

26 Cause/Effect Example Goose bumps make me shiver. When the temperature drops below 45 degrees, my skin crinkles into goose bumps.

27 Real life examples of Cause and Effect What happens when you miss the bus? What will occur if you forget to set your alarm? Why don t you have your homework? What is the author s purpose? Your turn! Now you come up with examples

28 5. Problem/Solution Problem is stated and one or more solutions listed Cue words: problem, unfortunately, difficulty, should, could, would, solve, end, fix, repair

29 Problem/Solution Goose bumps make me shiver, but they disappear as soon as I cover up with a jacket or sweater.

30 Real life examples of Problem and Solution My friend doesn t trust me - how can I get my friend to trust me again? My sharpener doesn t work very well. How can I invent a better pencil sharpener? Reduce global warming Your turn!

31 6. Question/Answer A question is posed and answer(s) follow

32 Question/Answer Examples Q: What are goose bumps? A: Goose bumps are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which involuntarily develop when a person is cold or experiences strong emotions like fear. Q: How do goose bumps form? A: Goose bumps are created when tiny muscles at the base of each hair contract and push the hair straight up.

33 Real life examples of Question & Answer FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) links on a website com/ portlet=5 Dear Abby (also problem/solution) Your turn! Now you come up with examples

34 7. Description Topic is described by listing characteristics, features and examples Also called description or list

35 Real life examples of Description I don t like school for the following reasons: Your turn! Now you come up with examples

36 Description Example Goose bumps make me shiver. I get little bumps on my skin. They look like sesame seeds.

37 8. Fact/Opinion Fact Can be backed up by research Opinion what someone thinks about the fact In what unit did we study fact and opinion?

38 Fact/Opinion Example I hate the way that goose bumps make you feel but I really like the name!

39 9. Foreshadowing and Flashback This text structure is mainly used in Narratives. Review: What is a narrative? This will be further discussed in the actual lesson for these text structures.

40 So after all that, what is a text structure anyway?

41 Text Structure is Pattern(s) of organization used by writer to communicate ideas More than one can be used at a time

42 So why is all this important anyway? Why do I have to learn all this stuff?

43 Helping our brain to organize Writers use Text Structure to organize what they want to tell us. Readers use Graphic Organizers to organize the information to better understand what the writer is telling us.

44 Text Structure Graphic Organizers Pattern of organization used by writer to communicate ideas Pattern of organization used by reader to organize ideas Writers often use more than one pattern in a single text Reader s choice of graphic organizer depends on the purpose for reading, the question asked, or the problem to be solved

45 1. 2. Comprehension: If you can follow the pattern and figure out the text structure of a piece of writing, you can understand what you are reading in a more organized way. Prediction: Once you identify a text pattern, you can make predictions about what comes next. Effective readers actively make predictions about what is coming next.

46 3. Memorization: Once you understand the text organization, it s much easier to store and recall information. 4. Writing: Once you become familiar with text structures, writing is easier to plan and organize because you are following a format -- you are filling in the pieces to fit the pattern. Comparison & Contrast Text and are similar in several ways. They both. They also. Finally, both. Because of these similarities, we can.

47 What do you think? Can a piece of writing have more than one text structure? A. Of course! B. No way, silly! C. Um, what was the question? D. Text wha--?

48 Review What is text structure? a p attern of rganization o used by a riter w to communicate ideas

49

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51 has several specific characteristics. One characteristic is. Another key characteristic is the, which influences how. Another important trait is. This is important because.

52 Here are the steps to follow to. First,. Second,. Next,. It s important to remember to. The last step is to. By following these steps, you ll be able to.

53 and are different in several ways. One difference is that, while on the other hand. Another way they differ is. In addition,, however,. In contrast,. These differences help us to see.

54 The cause of is not easy to define. Some people think the cause is. Others believe the main cause is. Understanding the cause of is important because.

55 The problem of really boils down to the issue of. In the past, the common solution was to. However, this was only effective in terms of. There are no other solutions that might work. One option would be to. This would. Another option would be to. This is ideal because. These possible solutions are worth considering if we are to solve this issue in the near future.

56 com/2009/09/coming-soon.jpg

57 1. Sequence Steps or directions are listed in numerical or chronological order Some cue words: first, second, third, after, next, then and finally

58 2. Chronological Events are listed in chronological order to tell a story or history. Days, months, years, and seasons might be included. Some cue words: beginning, birth, child, adult, death, end, middle

59 3. Compare and Contrast Explains how two things are alike and/or different Often organized by a Venn diagram or T chart Some cue words: same, both, however, but, difference, differ, in contrast, while

60 4. Cause and Effect Lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects Cue words: because, if then, since, reason, why, when then

61 5. Problem/Solution Problem is stated and one or more solutions listed Cue words: problem, unfortunately, difficulty, should, could, would, solve, end, fix, repair

62 6. Question/Answer A question is posed and answer(s) follow

63 7. Description Topic is described by listing characteristics, features and examples Also called description or list