A First Look at Modern Enterprise Traffic
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1 A First Look at Modern Enterprise Traffic Ruoming Pang, Princeton University Mark Allman (ICSI), Mike Bennett (LBNL), Jason Lee (LBNL), Vern Paxson (ICSI/LBNL), and Brian Tierney (LBNL)
2 The Question What does the traffic look like in today s enterprise networks? Previous work LAN traffic [Gusella 1990, Fowler et.al. 1991] More recent work on individual aspects: Role classification [Tan et.al. 2003], Community of interest [Aiello et.al. 2005] Wide area Internet traffic measurements First study: [Cáceres 1989] when the size of Internet was ~130,000 hosts about the size of a large enterprise network today
3 Our First Look Which applications account for most traffic? Who is talking to whom? What s going on inside application traffic? Esp. ones that are heavily used but not well studied: Netware Core Protocol (NCP), Windows CIFS and RPC, etc. How often is the network overloaded? For all above, compare internal vs. wide area
4 Trace Collection Where: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL) A research institute with a medium-sized enterprise network Caveat: one-enterprise study The traffic might look like How: tapping links from subnets to the main routers Caveat: only traffic between subnets
5 LBNL Trace Data D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 Date Oct 4, 04 Dec 15, 04 Dec 16, 04 Jan 6, 05 Jan 7, 05 Duration 10min 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour Subnets Traced Hosts 2,531 2,102 2,088 1,561 1,558 Packets 18M 65M 28M 22M 28M Snaplen Five data sets Over three months: Oct Jan 2005
6 LBNL Trace Data D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 Date Oct 4, 04 Dec 15, 04 Dec 16, 04 Jan 6, 05 Jan 7, 05 Duration 10min 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour Subnets Traced Hosts 2,531 2,102 2,088 1,561 1,558 Packets 18M 65M 28M 22M 28M Snaplen Each trace covers a subnet Lasts ten minutes or one hour
7 LBNL Trace Data D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 Date Oct 4, 04 Dec 15, 04 Dec 16, 04 Jan 6, 05 Jan 7, 05 Duration 10min 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour Subnets Traced Hosts 2,531 2,102 2,088 1,561 1,558 Packets 18M 65M 28M 22M 28M Snaplen Two sets of subnets 2,000 hosts traced per data set
8 LBNL Trace Data D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 Date Oct 4, 04 Dec 15, 04 Dec 16, 04 Jan 6, 05 Jan 7, 05 Duration 10min 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour Subnets Traced Hosts 2,531 2,102 2,088 1,561 1,558 Packets 18M 65M 28M 22M 28M Snaplen Subnets are traced two at a time With four NIC s on the tracing machine
9 LBNL Trace Data D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 Date Oct 4, 04 Dec 15, 04 Dec 16, 04 Jan 6, 05 Jan 7, 05 Duration 10min 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour Subnets Traced Hosts 2,531 2,102 2,088 1,561 1,558 Packets 18M 65M 28M 22M 28M Snaplen Packets with full payloads allow application-level analysis
10 Outline of This Talk Traffic breakdown Which applications are dominant? Origins and locality Individual application characteristics
11 Network Layer: Is IP dominant? Yes, most packets (96-99%) are over IP Caveat: inter-subnet traffic only Aside from IP: ARP, IPX (broadcast), etc.
12 Transport Layer Protocols seen: TCP, UDP, ICMP Multicast: IGMP, PIM Encapsulation: IP-SEC/ESP, GRE IP protocol 224 (?) Is UDP used more frequently inside enterprise than over wide area Internet?
13 TCP vs. UDP / WAN vs. Enterprise Breakdown by Payload Bytes
14 Breakdown of the first data set (D0) (Bars add up to 100%)
15 80% (or more) payloads are sent within the enterprise.
16 Yes, UDP is used more frequently inside the enterprise.
17 Breakdown by Flows
18 Application Breakdown by Bytes
19 net-file: NFS, Netware Core Protocol Application Breakdown by Bytes
20 bulk: FTP, HPSS Application Breakdown by Bytes
21 windows: Port 135, 139, and 445 Application Breakdown by Bytes
22 Bars for each data set add up to 100%
23 net-file: NFS NCP backup: Dantz Veritas Internal Heavy-Weights
24 WAN web + WAN Heavy-Weights
25 name: DNS WINS misc: Calendar CardKey Breakdown by Flows
26 Summary of Traffic Breakdown Internal traffic (vs. wide area) Higher volume (80% of overall traffic) A richer set of applications Traffic heavy-weights Internal: network file systems and backup WAN: web and
27 Outline Traffic breakdown Origins and locality Fan-in/out distribution Individual application characteristics
28
29 Half of hosts have no wide-area fan-out (in one hour).
30 Internal fan-out has a fat tail.
31 Most hosts have fan-in of no more than 10.
32 Outline Traffic breakdown Origins and locality Fan-in/out distribution Individual application characteristics
33 Example Questions Is there a big difference between internal and wide area HTTP traffic? How different are DNS and WINS (netbios/ns)? What does Windows traffic do?
34 Internal HTTP traffic Automated clients vs. the rest: Requests Bytes D0 D3 D4 D0 D3 D4 Internal Scanners 20% 49% 19% 0.1% 0.9% 1% Google Devices 37% 8% 5% 96% 69% 48% Netware ifolder 1% 0.2% 10% 0.0% 0.0% 9% All other clients 42% 43% 66% 4% 30% 41% Automated clients dominate the traffic.
35 DNS vs. WINS Where do queries come from? DNS: both local and remote; most queries come from two mail servers WINS: local clients only; queries are more evenly distributed among clients Failure rate (excluding repeated queries) DNS: 11-21% WINS: 36-50% (!)
36 Windows Traffic Port 139 Port 445 NETBIOS CIFS/SMB File Sharing LAN Browsing Port 135 DCE/RPC Endpoint Mapper Dynamic Ports DCE/RPC Services (logon, msgr, etc.) Port numbers don t tell much
37 Windows Traffic Port 139 Port 445 NETBIOS CIFS/SMB File Sharing LAN Browsing Port 135 DCE/RPC Endpoint Mapper Dynamic Ports DCE/RPC Services (logon, msgr, etc.) Application level analysis: Bro + binpac
38 Windows Traffic Breakdown Majority of CIFS/SMB traffic is for DCE/RPC services Rather than file sharing Majority of RPC traffic By request: user authentication (netlogon), security policy (lsarpc) and printing (spoolss) By size: printing (spoolss)
39 Not Covered in This Talk Characteristics of more applications Network file systems: NFS and NCP Backup Further details about HTTP, DNS/WINS, and Windows traffic Network congestion
40 Conclusion A lot is happening inside enterprise More packets sent internally than cross border A number of applications seen only within the enterprise Caveats One enterprise only Inter-subnet traffic Hour-long traces Subnets not traced all at once Header traces released for download! To come: traces with payloads (HTTP, DNS, )
41 The End To download traces: (or search for LBNL tracing )
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