SIDE (IRT 3930) Infotransport Teema - sõnumid. Avo Ots. telekommunikatsiooni õppetool, TTÜ raadio- ja sidetehnika inst.
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1 SIDE (IRT 3930) Loeng 8/2014 {20. okt.} Infotransport Teema - sõnumid Avo Ots telekommunikatsiooni õppetool, TTÜ raadio- ja sidetehnika inst. avo.ots@ttu.ee 281
2 Infoülekanne Rakendus (teenus) Transporditeenus Seoseta (Connectionless) paketi kohaletoimetamine 282
3 Infotransport kliendilt serverini Client Application level TCP/UDP Router Router Router IP IP IP IP Hardware Hardware Hardware Hardware Server Application level Router Router TCP/UDP IP IP IP Hardware Hardware Hardware 283
4 Iga aadress 32 bitti IP v4 aadressid Dotted Decimal Format bitti >> teoreetiliselt 4,294,967,296 (2 32 ) unikaalset aadressi /internetis kasutatavaid on vähem!!/
5 Subnet Mask (alam) võrgu mask Leading bits identify a network or subnet Least significant bits are host identifier Host Mask addresses
6 Sisevõrgu IP v4 aadressid Defined in IETF RFC IANA has reserved following for private addresses: (10/8 prefix) or a single Class A address block (172.16/12 prefix) or a single Class B address block ( /16 prefix) or a single Class C address block. 286
7 Sisevõrk ja välisvõrk 287
8 Erinevad vaated 288
9 Bitivood ajas Constant Bit Rate (CBR) audio t Variable Bit rate (VBR) video, data t 289
10 Teenuse (lingi) demultipleks Application Application Application Application Application Transport TCP UDP ICMP IGMP Network IP ARP RARP Link Ethernet Driver incoming frame 290
11 Baidi transport TCP/IP vahendusel TCP/IP tagab baidivoo ülekande Rakendus Rakendus byte stream TCP/IP Mõningad baidid edastamiseks, mis nende sisu ei tea... byte stream TCP/IP Kohaletoimetatud rakenduse tarbeks Rakendusprotokollid määratlevad voo sisu 291
12 Kaks põhilist transporditegevust Demultiplexing: port numbers Client host Client Service request for :80 ( the Web server) Error detection: checksums Server host OS Web server (port 80) Echo server (port 7) IP payload 292 detect corruption
13 User process User process User process User process UDP 17 ICMP IGMP ARP Others Novell dest addr 1 2 AppleTalk Demultiplexing Details x0806 source RARP TCP src port TCP protocol type IP header FTP server 6 x8035 IP x TCP dest port telnet server hdr cksum IP header addr Ethernet frame type data CRC (Ethernet frame types in hex, others in decimal) dest addr 7 source addr echo server discard server 9 data TCP data 293
14 Rakendusteenuste tarve Rakendusteenused Application Services ( , WWW, stelnet, sftp,...) Edastusohje protokoll Reliable Stream Transport (TCP) Kasutajadatagrammi protokoll Unreliable Transport Service (UDP) Ühenduseta paketi edastuse teenus (interneti protokoll) Connectionless Packet Delivery Service (IP) 294
15 Transpordi protokollid 4 TCP RFC 793, UDP RFC Transmission Control Protocol - User Datagram Protocol HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol 295
16 Pordid IP aadress identifitseerib hosti Hostiga on seotud mitmeid rakendusi Port (16-bitiline identifikaator) määratleb rakenduse Application WWW Telnet Port
17 Transpordiprotokollid Parim võimalik (Best-effort) samatüüpi kohaletoimetamise teenus, mida kasutab IP protokoll User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Kontrollsumma Best-effort Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Kontrollsumma Töökindel baidivoo kohaletoimetamine Voo ja ummistuste haldus 297
18 Kient-server mudel Päring saadetakse teadaolevasse porti klient server Vastus saadetakse kliendi porti klient server 298
19 Protokollid (võrdne võrdsega) Kasutaja A Kommunikatsioonikeskkond Kasutaja B klient TCP/UDP server IP server Ethernet driver/kaart SMTP TCP/UDP IP IEEE standard (elektrilised) signaalid server TCP/UDP server IP server Ethernet driver/kaart 299
20 Ühendus App. Port 1 Port 2 Port 1 Port 2 Transport TCP UDP Network IP Eristus pordi numbri järgi Eristus protokolli järgi Ühenduse ID: Source: (address, port) ja Destination: (address, port) Active open: application requests OS to connect to an (host, port) Passive open: application contacts OS & indicates will accept incoming connection, OS assigns port and listens 300
21 Sokkel (socket) Määratletakse protokolli, aadresside ja pordi järgi Rakendus võib olla seotud mitme sokliga Sokli kaudu võib pääseda mitme rakenduseni Rakendused Rakendused Viited TCP soklid Soklid UDP soklid seotuna TCP pordid portidega UDP pordid TCP UDP IP 301
22 TCP Handshaking Reliable data transfer Flow Control Congestion Control Connection-oriented 302
23 Transpordiprotokoll TCP IP Datagram TCP Encapsulation TCP Segment IP Päis TCP Päis Data 20 Bytes 20 Bytes Ühendusorienteeritud Baidivoog Veakindel, kordusteta infoülekanne 303
24 Ühenduse loomine (TCP) Client SYN: SeqC ACK: SeqC+1 SYN: SeqS Server ACK: SeqS+1 Three-Way Handshake Each side notifies other of starting sequence number it will use for sending Each side acknowledges other s sequence number SYN-ACK: Acknowledge sequence number + 1 Can combine second SYN with first ACK 304
25 Tearing Down Connection Either Side Can Initiate Tear Down Send FIN signal I m not going to send any more data Other Side Can Continue Sending Data Half open connection Must continue to acknowledge Acknowledging FIN Acknowledge last sequence number + 1 A FIN, SeqA ACK, SeqA+1 Data ACK FIN, SeqB ACK, SeqB+1 B 305
26 TCP päis (RFC 793) SP DP Järjenumber (Seq No) Kinnitus (Ack. No). CRC Data Data Window Urgent
27 TCP infovahetuse kulg Connection Request Request ACK ACK and Payload Data ACK A N D M E Ü L E K A N N E IP + TCP header IP + TCP header IP + TCP header + Payload IP + TCP header TCP ühenduse loomine Andmeülekanne Termination Request Request ACK Termination Request Connection Terminated IP + TCP header IP + TCP header IP + TCP header IP + TCP header TCP ühenduse katkestamine 307
28 Järjenumber Baidivoos on igal baidil järjenumber (Sequence Number) 32-bitine loendur Alustatakse uuesti (Wraps around) Algväärtus valitakse alustamisel TCP jagab baidivoo pakettideks ehk segmentideks Paketi pikkus on piiratud MTU Maximum Segment Size Välditakse edasist paketi fragmenteerimist Igal segmandil on järjenumber. Järjenumber näitab segmendi asukohta baidivoos segment 8 segment 9 segment
29 Aeg Stop&Wait Saatja Vastuvõtja Saatja ei saada järgmist paketti, kui ta pole kindel, et vastuvõtja sai kätte eelmise paketi. Paketi ja kättesaamise kinnituse (ACK) järgnevus võimaldab töökindluse Järjenumbrid võimaldavad vältida topelt pakettide saamise Probleem on edastuse pidev kestmine (keeping the pipe full) Näide: 2 Mbps kanal * 45 ms RTT = 90 kb (11 kb) 1 kb kasutab kanalist 1/11 osa (~10%) 309
30 Aeg Libisev aken (Sliding Window) Saatja Vastuvõtja Saadetakse mitu paketti enne, kui oodatakse kättesaamise kinnitust (ACK) Kinnituseta saadetavate pakettide maksimaalne arv aken - window 310
31 T imeout T imeout T imeout T imeout T imeout T ime T imeout T imeout Kinnitused ja timeout Saatja Vastuvõtja Saatja Vastuvõtja (a) (c) Saatja Vastuvõtja Saatja Vastuvõtja (b) (d) 311
32 UDP No Handshaking! No Reliable data transfer No Flow Control No Congestion Control Connectionless 312
33 UDP (User Datagramm protocol) SP Len. Data Data DP CRC 313
34 Internet Multimedia Protocols APPLICATION KERNEL SIP RTSP RSVP RTCP TCP DCCP UDP IP Version 4, IP Version 6 (H.264, MPEG-4) RTP Layer 5 (Session) Layer 4 (Transport) Layer 3 (Network) AAL... MPLS Layer 2 (Link/MAC) Fiber Optics Ethernet/WiFi >> 3G/4G DCCP Datagram Congestion Control Protocol 314
35 Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) Audio Video Decoder RTSP Session Control RTSP Audio video Coder RTP RTP CLIENT SERVER 315
36 Retransmission Timeout (RTO) Initial Send Initial Send RTO Retry RTO Ack Retry Ack Time between sending & resending segment Challenge Too long: Add latency to communication when packets dropped Too short: Send too many duplicate packets General principle: Must be > 1 Round Trip Time (RTT) Detect dropped packet RTO too short 316
37 Tagasivaade infotranspordi... loole... Ressursi jagamine 1974: cycles, storage, bandwidth expensive, people cheap 2012: resources cheap, people expensive 1974: Share computer resources 2012: Communicate with people, access documents, buy, sell no separation between transport (TCP) and network (IP) layers (TCP/IP) separate transport (TCP, UDP) and network (IP) layer 317
38 Kokkuhoidlik lähenemine Rumal võrk IP provide minimal functionalities to support connectivity addressing, forwarding, routing Tark lõpp-punkt transport layer or app does more sophisticated functionalities flow control, error control, congestion control Eelised accommodate heterogeneous technologies support diverse applications (telnet, ftp, Web, X windows) decentralized network administration Puudused poor realtime performance poor accountability 318
39 Telefoni vs datagrammi teenus Ainult üks teenus: kõne Host on telefon Palju teenuseid Host tekitab mitu voogu Application Layer telnet, ftp, Application Layer Telephone Network (Data) Link Layer Telephone Telephone numbering, signaling, routing TDMA Transport Layer Network Layer (Data) Link Layer TCP, UDP IP 802.3,
40 Lõpulingid (8)
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