Chapter 1: Conceptual Basis Section 2
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1 1 V /3/18 Chapter 1: Conceptual Basis Section 2 Based on textbook Conceptual Computer Networks by: 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved
2 Typical Internet Protocol Stacks Application 4 ssh Ntp DHCP Transport 3 TCP UDP ICMP Network 2 ARP IP Subnetwork 1 Wi-Fi Ethernet Bluetooth 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos
3 Recalling concept: Encapsulation and Multiplexing 3 What information is sent from N+1 to N through the SIF (Service Interface)? Protocol N+1 sends a N+1 Data Unit to Protocol N Protocol N encapsulates the N+1 Data Unit into a fresh N Data Unit: n Payload(N+1) + Header(N) n This scheme is reproduced at each service use Layer N+1 N+1 Data Unit Layer N N Data Unit N+1 Data Unit Header Payload 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos
4 Encapsulation and multiplexing in the Internet Architecture 4 Example: A web browser requesting a web page Internet Firefox Web Browser Server C Client Internetwork 2018 José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved. Physical header (Preamble) Datalink header Network header Transport header 10/3/18 v 0.10 Get myfile.txt
5 Encapsulation and multiplexing in the Internet Architecture 5 Example: A web browser requesting a web page Application 4 ssh Ntp DHCP Transport 3 TCP UDP ICMP Internet Firefox Web Browser Server Network 2 ARP IP C Client Subnetwork 1 Wi-Fi Ethernet Bluetooth 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos
6 Encap & at interface 6 What gets sent at each SIF? What does the Application protocol send to TCP? Concept: Protocol N+1 sending onto Protocol N Layer N Layer N+1 uses a service from Layer N Layer N + 1 What does TCP send to IP? Layer N 2 Layer N at host A sets protocol N in motion to fulfil the service requested by N + 1 Layer N Finally, what does IP send to Ethernet? A B 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos
7 Encap & at interface 7 What gets sent at each SIF? What does the Application protocol send to TCP? Http-> TCP? TCP -> IP? IP-> Ethernet? Application 4 ssh Ntp DHCP What does TCP send to IP? Transport 3 TCP UDP ICMP Finally, what does IP send to Ethernet? Network 2 Subnetwork 1 ARP Wi-Fi IP Ethernet Bluetooth 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos
8 Browser calls TCP SIF, sends 8 L4 SIF TCP TCP L3 IP L2 Ethernet L1 10/3/ José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved.
9 TCP creates a TCP PDU 9 L4 SIF TCP TCP L3 1 Create new TCP PDU 3 Fill other fields() 2 Encapsulate PDU IP L2 Ethernet L José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved. 10/3/18
10 TCP sends segment onto IP SIF 10 L4 TCP L3 SIF IP IP L2 1 Create new IP PDU 2 Encapsulate TCP PDU 3 Fill other fields() Ethernet L José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved. 10/3/18
11 IP sends packet onto Ethernet SIF 11 L4 TCP L3 IP L2 2 Encapsulate IP PDU SIF Ethernet Ethernet L José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. 1 Create new Ether PDU 3 Fill other fields() All rights reserved.
12 Ethernet transmits whole frame onto the wire 12 L4 TCP L3 IP L2 Ethernet L José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved. 10/3/18 Transmit onto media
13 Frame arrives at destination host 13 The encapsulation + multiplexing is reversed Upper layer protocol receives PDU Deencapsulates Payload Hands Payload to protocol indicated in the Key Repeat this process until original arrives at the destination application protocol Exercise: Explain with detail by using real protocol numbers and port numbers
14 Ethernet receives new frame from wire 14? L4? L3? L2 Ethernet L1 Payload signals bits Cable 2018 José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. Ethertype 16 bits 0x0800 All rights reserved.
15 1. Ethernet deencapsulates Payload 2. hands it to IP since mux is 0x ? L4? L3 IP L2 IP packet Ethernet L1 Payload signals bits Cable 2018 José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. Ethertype 16 bits 0x0800 All rights reserved.
16 16 3. IP receives IP packet 4. Deencapsulates its Payload 5. Interprets Key (Protocol = 6 => TCP)? L4? L3 Protocol 8 bits 6 = TCP IP L2 Payload Ethernet L1 Payload bits Cable 2018 José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved.
17 6. IP hands the TCP segment to TCP protocol 17? L4 TCP L3 TCP segment IP L2 Payload Ethernet L1 Payload bits Cable 2018 José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved.
18 18 7. TCP deencapsulates Payload 8. Interprets mux 9. Hands payload to L4 TCP L3 (*) IP L2 Payload Ethernet L1 Payload Cable bits (*) in TCP = (Src Ip, Src Port, Dat IP, Dst Port)
19 server (Apache) interprets request and responds L4 TCP L3 (*) IP L2 Payload Ethernet L1 Payload bits Cable (*) in TCP = (Src Ip, Src Port, Dat IP, Dst Port) 2018 José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved.
20 20 Attaining scalability and preserving connectivity A story about most of the course 2018 José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved.
21 How to make networks bigger (Metcalf s Law) 21 Scalable connectivity Design and build networks that get larger and at the same time preserve the communication capacity amongst the hosts Recall: all network technologies have a threshold size beyond which it does not properly scale 2018 José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved.
22 Attaining scalable connectivity 22 A network technology is scalable if it can grow to huge sizes still preserving its communication functionality We wish that the connectivity offered by a network be scalable, i.e., that it can grow as needed, at least within some affordable limits The smallest conceivable network: comprised of only one host The loopback interface at the network layer permits communication of two applications as though they were at different hosts App 1 App 2 Application IP Host Transport Network Subnetwork 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos
23 Two directly-connected hosts 23 Two hosts are directly connected by means of an Ethernet TP (Twisted Pair) cable, for example This simplistic scheme works fine Resulting network is scalable because hosts can always communicate The TP cable and the Ethernet protocol form a so-called point-to-point link 4 App 1 Application 4 App 2 Application 3 Transport 3 Transport 2 Network IP Host 1 IP Host 2 2 Network 1 Subnetwork TP cable 1 Subnetwork 2018 José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved.
24 Many hosts connected to one coax cable 24 Assume Ethernet technology Coax cable and Ethernet form a Multiple Access link Half duplex: only one communication at any specific time Scales well if number of hosts and utilization is moderate Coax cable Tap 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos
25 Many hosts connected to one coax cable 25 Scales well if number of hosts and utilization is moderate Number of of collisions small The resulting connection scheme forms a single network What can we do if number of hosts or utilization are high? Switching Coax cable Tap 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos
26 From shared cable to switching 26 New networking equipment: switch Accepts a number of point-to-point hosts It s a Store-and-forward device Can be interconnected to form bigger networks: (one network) TP cable Switched Ethernet Coax cable Tap Shared medium Ethernet 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos
27 From shared cable to switching 27 Switch permits several simultaneous flows: full-duplex! TP cable Switched Ethernet Coax cable Tap Shared medium Ethernet 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos
28 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos Switches can be connected to form one 28 larger network A single, scalable Switched Network! 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved
29 Scalability of a switched LAN 29 A properly designed hierarchical switched LAN can house up to roughly 2500 hosts Depending on a host of factors Then how come the Internet, today has about 4000M of hosts? A single, scalable Switched Network! 2018 José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved.
30 Scalability of a switched LAN 30 The interconnection of three switched LANs results in a single switched LAN, a huge one, but still offering an aceptable communication capacity amongst the hosts? Network 1 Network José María Foces Morán & José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved. Network 3
31 The scale of Internet, today 31 The scale of Internet has been achieved thanks to: Interconnecting networks Internetwork Using a single Internetwork Protocol: IP And by using fast IP Routers Network 1 IP Router Network 2 Network 3 10/3/18 v José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos
32 A story about scalable 32 connectivity Network 1 Internet IP Router Network 2 Network 3 Switched Ethernet Switched Ethernet Shared medium Ethernet 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos M Scalable connectivity threshold (Number of hosts)
33 33 Based on textbook Conceptual Computer Networks by: 2018 José María Foces Morán, José María Foces Vivancos. All rights reserved End of Ch 1 Section 2
Chapter 1: Conceptual Basis Section 1
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