Beetle. Sharing, flexibility and access control for Bluetooth Low Energy. Amit Levy James Hong Laurynas Riliskis Philip Levis Keith Winstein
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1 Beetle Sharing, flexibility and access control for Bluetooth Low Energy Amit Levy James Hong Laurynas Riliskis Philip Levis Keith Winstein Stanford University June 24, / 26
2 Meet Grace 2 / 26
3 Meet Grace 2 / 26
4 Meet Grace Strava 2 / 26
5 Meet Grace Strava HrView 2 / 26
6 Meet Grace Strava HrView 2 / 26
7 Meet Grace Strava HrView 2 / 26
8 Meet Grace Strava HrView 2 / 26
9 Meet Fabian 3 / 26
10 Meet Fabian 3 / 26
11 Meet Fabian BatteryMon 3 / 26
12 Meet Fabian BatteryMon 3 / 26
13 Meet Esther 4 / 26
14 Meet Esther 4 / 26
15 Meet Esther 4 / 26
16 Meet Esther 4 / 26
17 Strava OneTouch Flux No extensibility, no access control, limited communication 5 / 26
18 Limitations of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 1 Applications must run on the gateway 2 One application at a time 3 All-or-nothing access Peripherals need to be simple Low cost Low power Hard to update Gateway oblivious to peripheral functionality How to virtualize generally? Who can access what? 6 / 26
19 The gateway should enable flexible and safe sharing 7 / 26
20 Beetle Sharing Applications can safely share access to peripherals without explicit coordination Access Control Users can specify fine-graned access policies on peripherals and applications Communication flexiblity Many-to-many communication between peripherals, gateway applications and cloud applications Backwards compatible Doesn t require changes to existing peripherals or applications 8 / 26
21 Current Gateways: Explicit support Dedicated drivers understand a class of peripherals: Printers Keyboards Disks 9 / 26
22 Current Gateways: Explicit support Dedicated drivers understand a class of peripherals: Printers Keyboards Disks Pros Safe virtualization Access control Cons Need a trusted module for each device class Has worked OK for desktops, but does is scale? 9 / 26
23 Current Gateways: Exclusive access from one application For special case peripherals, gateway provides an exclusive, raw channel: Oscilloscope, hardware debugger USB breathalyzer, USB blood pressure monitor Most IoT peripherals (door locks, lights, fitness bands) 10 / 26
24 Current Gateways: Exclusive access from one application For special case peripherals, gateway provides an exclusive, raw channel: Oscilloscope, hardware debugger USB breathalyzer, USB blood pressure monitor Most IoT peripherals (door locks, lights, fitness bands) Pros Don t need explicit support for each new device class Cons Can t allow multiple apps to use peripheral App gets complete control over peripheral 10 / 26
25 Current Gateway Systems OS Explicit Driver Exclusive Access HomeOS Linux (BLE sockets) Android (Google Health) ios (Health/HomeKit) Explicit support Impractical for operating systems to anticipate new device functionality vs Exclusive access No sharing, no access control, inflexible communication 11 / 26
26 Bluetooth Low Energy application protocol 12 / 26
27 Bluetooth Low Energy application protocol Attribute Protocol (ATT): Key-type-value store Transactional flow-control READ, WRITE, NOTIFY, FIND-BY-TYPE 12 / 26
28 Bluetooth Low Energy application protocol Attribute Protocol (ATT): Key-type-value store Transactional flow-control READ, WRITE, NOTIFY, FIND-BY-TYPE Generic Attribute Profile (GATT): Structure over attributes Characteristic: Groups attributes for a value Services: Groups related characteristics 12 / 26
29 Bluetooth Low Energy application protocol Attribute Protocol (ATT): Key-type-value store Transactional flow-control READ, WRITE, NOTIFY, FIND-BY-TYPE Example, heart rate monitor Generic Attribute Profile (GATT): Structure over attributes Characteristic: Groups attributes for a value Services: Groups related characteristics 12 / 26
30 Bluetooth Low Energy application protocol Attribute Protocol (ATT): Key-type-value store Transactional flow-control READ, WRITE, NOTIFY, FIND-BY-TYPE Example, heart rate monitor Find Char with UUID HRM Generic Attribute Profile (GATT): Structure over attributes Characteristic: Groups attributes for a value Services: Groups related characteristics 12 / 26
31 Bluetooth Low Energy application protocol Attribute Protocol (ATT): Key-type-value store Transactional flow-control READ, WRITE, NOTIFY, FIND-BY-TYPE Example, heart rate monitor Find Char with UUID HRM Char at handle 2 Generic Attribute Profile (GATT): Structure over attributes Characteristic: Groups attributes for a value Services: Groups related characteristics 12 / 26
32 Bluetooth Low Energy application protocol Attribute Protocol (ATT): Key-type-value store Transactional flow-control READ, WRITE, NOTIFY, FIND-BY-TYPE Example, heart rate monitor Find Char with UUID HRM Char at handle 2 Read handle 2 Generic Attribute Profile (GATT): Structure over attributes Characteristic: Groups attributes for a value Services: Groups related characteristics 12 / 26
33 Bluetooth Low Energy application protocol Attribute Protocol (ATT): Key-type-value store Transactional flow-control READ, WRITE, NOTIFY, FIND-BY-TYPE Example, heart rate monitor Find Char with UUID HRM Char at handle 2 Read handle 2 Char value at handle 4 Generic Attribute Profile (GATT): Structure over attributes Characteristic: Groups attributes for a value Services: Groups related characteristics 12 / 26
34 Bluetooth Low Energy application protocol Attribute Protocol (ATT): Key-type-value store Transactional flow-control READ, WRITE, NOTIFY, FIND-BY-TYPE Example, heart rate monitor Find Char with UUID HRM Char at handle 2 Read handle 2 Char value at handle 4 Read handle 4 Generic Attribute Profile (GATT): Structure over attributes Characteristic: Groups attributes for a value Services: Groups related characteristics 12 / 26
35 Bluetooth Low Energy application protocol Attribute Protocol (ATT): Key-type-value store Transactional flow-control READ, WRITE, NOTIFY, FIND-BY-TYPE Example, heart rate monitor Find Char with UUID HRM Char at handle 2 Read handle 2 Char value at handle 4 Read handle 4 157BPM Generic Attribute Profile (GATT): Structure over attributes Characteristic: Groups attributes for a value Services: Groups related characteristics 12 / 26
36 Beetle: Key insight BLE application protocol (GATT) is amenable to multiplexing: Unified data model Standardized data types Transactions are meaningful to applications 13 / 26
37 Beetle Architecture Local apps Virtual Devices Gateway Beetle Kernel Bluetooth Driver Peripherals 14 / 26
38 Beetle Architecture Local apps Gateway Beetle Kernel Bluetooth Driver Peripherals 14 / 26
39 Beetle Architecture Local apps Gateway Beetle Kernel Bluetooth Driver Peripherals 14 / 26
40 Beetle Architecture iforgotthelights Local apps Gateway Beetle Kernel Bluetooth Driver Peripherals 14 / 26
41 Beetle Architecture iforgotthelights Local apps Gateway Beetle Kernel Bluetooth Driver Peripherals 14 / 26
42 Virtual Devices: Just speak GATT Look like a peripheral to applications Look like a gateway to peripherals Provide: Sharing by multiplexing transactions from different clients Access control by mapping handle space Flexible communication by allowing transactions over any link 15 / 26
43 Virtual Devices: Sharing Strava HrView 16 / 26
44 Virtual Devices: Sharing READ REQ: 1 Strava READ REQ: 2 HrView 16 / 26
45 Virtual Devices: Sharing Strava READ REQ: 1 READ REQ: 2 HrView 16 / 26
46 Virtual Devices: Sharing Strava READ RESP: 1 READ REQ: 2 HrView 16 / 26
47 Virtual Devices: Sharing Strava READ RESP: 1 READ REQ: 2 HrView 16 / 26
48 Virtual Devices: Sharing Strava READ REQ: 2 HrView 16 / 26
49 Virtual Devices: Sharing Strava READ REQ: 2 HrView 16 / 26
50 Virtual Devices: Sharing Strava READ RESP: 2 HrView 16 / 26
51 Virtual Devices: Sharing Strava READ RESP: 2 HrView 16 / 26
52 Virtual Devices: Access Control BatteryMon 2 Glucose Char 3 Glucose value 6 Battery Char 7 Battery value 17 / 26
53 Virtual Devices: Access Control BatteryMon 6 Battery Char 7 Battery value 2 Glucose Char 3 Glucose value 6 Battery Char 7 Battery value 17 / 26
54 Virtual Devices: Access Control BatteryMon READ REQ: 7 6 Battery Char 7 Battery value 2 Glucose Char 3 Glucose value 6 Battery Char 7 Battery value 17 / 26
55 Virtual Devices: Access Control BatteryMon 6 Battery Char 7 Battery value READ REQ: 7 2 Glucose Char 3 Glucose value 6 Battery Char 7 Battery value 17 / 26
56 Virtual Devices: Access Control BatteryMon READ REQ: 2 6 Battery Char 7 Battery value 2 Glucose Char 3 Glucose value 6 Battery Char 7 Battery value 17 / 26
57 Virtual Devices: Access Control BatteryMon ERR 6 Battery Char 7 Battery value 2 Glucose Char 3 Glucose value 6 Battery Char 7 Battery value 17 / 26
58 Implementation Linux User-space daemon (C++) Applications connect via UNIX domain or TCP sockets Access control via database + browser interface Android Modified Android s Bluetooth Service app Applications connect over Intents (IPC) Access control via normal user control flow 18 / 26
59 Applications Multi-app Heart Rate Monitor Battery Monitor Generic Home Gateway 19 / 26
60 Performance Latency (ms) Without Beetle With Beetle Latency (ms) Direct Through Proxy Connection Interval (ms) Connection Interval (ms) One app to one peripheral no significant overhead 17x connection interval with/without Beetle Multi-client throughput depends on workload Reads are linearly scalable via caching Peripheral-to-peripheral ~2-3x due to extra hop Could be improved with better coordination by gateway 20 / 26
61 Limitations Bluetooth Low Energy specific Relies on properties of the application layer protocol Peripherals must conform to GATT transactional semantics But peripheral-specific virtual devices could mask violations Access control does not solve secure naming Does not offer a management solution Complimentary to systems, like HomeOS 21 / 26
62 Discussion Safe and flexible peripheral sharing Can and should be provided first-class by the gateway 22 / 26
63 Discussion Safe and flexible peripheral sharing Can and should be provided first-class by the gateway Lessons for protocol design Data model at the right abstraction level Standardized data types Global namespace 22 / 26
64 Discussion Safe and flexible peripheral sharing Can and should be provided first-class by the gateway Lessons for protocol design Data model at the right abstraction level Standardized data types Global namespace Lessons for BLE peripheral builders Don t rely on exclusive access for semantics One GATT transaction per application transaction 22 / 26
65 Discussion Safe and flexible peripheral sharing Can and should be provided first-class by the gateway Lessons for protocol design Data model at the right abstraction level Standardized data types Global namespace Lessons for BLE peripheral builders Don t rely on exclusive access for semantics One GATT transaction per application transaction 22 / 26
66 Are corporations just evil?
67 Are corporations just evil?
68 Are corporations just evil? 23 / 26
69 Attribute Caching app1 app2 24 / 26
70 Attribute Caching READ REQ: 1 app1 READ REQ: 1 app2 24 / 26
71 Attribute Caching app1 READ REQ: 1 READ REQ: 1 app2 24 / 26
72 Attribute Caching app1 READ RESP: 1 READ REQ: 1 app2 24 / 26
73 Attribute Caching app1 READ RESP: 1 READ RESP: 1 READ REQ: 1 app2 24 / 26
74 Attribute Caching app1 READ RESP: 1 app2 24 / 26
75 Attribute Caching app1 READ RESP: 1 READ RESP: 1 app2 24 / 26
76 Handling Subscriptions app1 app2 25 / 26
77 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app2 25 / 26
78 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: SUBSCRIBE app1 app2 25 / 26
79 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app1 app2 25 / 26
80 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app1 SUBSCRIBE app2 25 / 26
81 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app1 app2 25 / 26
82 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app1 NOTIFY app2 25 / 26
83 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app1 NOTIFY app2 25 / 26
84 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app1 app2 25 / 26
85 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app1 SUBSCRIBE app2 25 / 26
86 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app2 app1 app2 25 / 26
87 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app2 app1 NOTIFY app2 25 / 26
88 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app2 app1 NOTIFY NOTIFY app2 25 / 26
89 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app2 app1 app2 25 / 26
90 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app2 app1 UNSUBSCRIBE app2 25 / 26
91 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 app1 UNSUBSCRIBE app2 25 / 26
92 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 UNSUBSCRIBE app1 app2 25 / 26
93 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: UNSUBSCRIBE app1 app2 25 / 26
94 Handling Subscriptions Subscriptions: app1 UNSUBSCRIBE app2 25 / 26
95 Performance: Caching 99th %tile latency per request Without Caching With Caching # concurrent requests 26 / 26
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