Mohamed I Walash, Fathallah F Belal, Nahed M El-Enany * and Mahmoud H El-Maghrabey. Abstract
|
|
- Solomon Welch
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Synchronous fluorescence spectrofluorimetric method for the simultaneous determination of metoprolol and felodipine in combined pharmaceutical preparation Mohamed I Walash, Fathallah F Belal, Nahed M El-Enany * and Mahmoud H El-Maghrabey Abstract A rapid, simple and sensitive synchronous specrtofluorimetric method has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of binary mixture of metoprolol (MTP) and felodipine (FDP). The method is based upon measurement of the synchronous fluorescence intensity of the two drugs at Δl of 7 nm in aqueous solution. The different experimental parameters affecting the synchronous fluorescence intensities of the two drugs were carefully studied and optimized. The fluorescence intensity-concentration plots were rectilinear over the ranges of.5-1 μg/ml and.2-2 μg/ml for MTP and FDP, respectively. The limits of detection were.11 and.2 μg/ml and quantification limits were.32 and.6 μg/ml for MTP and FDP, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of the two compounds in their commercial tablets and the results obtained were favorably compared to those obtained with a comparison method. Introduction Felodipine (FDP), Ethyl methyl 4-(2, 3-dichlorophenyl)- 1, 4-dihydro-2, 6-dimethylpyridine-3, 5-dicarboxylate (Figure 1a) is a dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris [1]. Metoprolol (MTP), (±)-1-Isopropylamino-3-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy]propan-2-ol (Figure 1b), is a cardio-selective b blocker. It has been reported that MTP lacks intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and has little or no membrane-stabilizing activity. It is mainly used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. It is also used in the management of hyperthyroidism and in the prophylactic treatment of migraine [1]. Both drugs are official in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP, 2). The USP [2] recommended HPLC methods for the determination of each of FDP and MTP in pure form and in different dosage forms. Since the combined therapy of FDP and MTP has been clinically * Correspondence: nelenany1@yahoo.com Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt proven to be significantly efficient in the treatment of hypertension, it became important to develop and validate a reliable method for the separation and determination of the two drugs in their commercially available formulations. Only few methods have been reported in the literature for the assay of such mixture, using chemometric assisted spectrophotometric methods [3,4] and HPLC methods [3-5]. Only one spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the analysis of MTP in human plasma using trilinear decomposition-based techniques [6]. Regarding FDP, a convential fluorimetric method was reported for its determination in presence of ramipril in their combined tablets Triacor [7]. To the best of our knowledge, neither conventional nor synchronous spectrofluorimetry has been reported for the analysis of MTP and FDP in their binary mixtures. The normal excitation fluorescence spectra of MTP and FDP are greatly overlapped. This observation led us to utilize synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) to solve such problem by measuring Synchronous 211 Walash et al
2 Page 2 of 9 Figure 1 Structural formulae of the studied drugs. Where: (a) Felodipine (FDP), (b) Metoprolol (MTP). Fluorescence Intensities (SFI) at 26 and 375 nm for MTP and FDP respectively. Based on chemical features of both drugs, and high therapeutic effect of MTP and FDP combined in treatment of hypertension, the (SFS) technique was developed for the simultaneous determination of both drugs in their combined tablets. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) has several advantages over conventional fluorescence spectroscopy, including simple spectra, high selectivity and low interference [8]. Because of its sharp, narrow spectrum, SFS serves as a very simple, effective method for achieving data for quantitative determination in a single run [9]. Experimental Material Metoprolol tartrate pure sample was kindly provided by Sigma company. Felodipine pure sample was kindly provided by Minapharm. Logimax tablets labeled to contain 5 mg of MTP and 5 mg of FDP (Batch # 915) were obtained from commercial source in the local market. Reagents All reagents and solvents used were of Analytical Reagent Grade. Methanol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Acetic acid, Sodium acetate and Boric acid (BDH, UK). Acetate buffer.2 M (ph 4.5) was prepared by mixing appropriate volume of.2 M acetic acid with.2 M sodium acetate. Borate buffers (ph 8.5) were prepared by mixing appropriate volumes of.2 M boric acid with.2 M sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide ((BDH, UK),.1 M aqueous solution was freshly prepared. Apparatus Fluorescence spectra and measurements were recorded using a Perkin-Elmer UK model LS 45 luminescence spectrometer, equipped with a 15 Watt Xenon arc lamp, gratting excitation and emission monochromators for all measurements and a Perkin-Elmer recorder. Slit widths for both monochromators were set at 1 nm. A 1 cm quartz cell was used. The SF spectra were estimated at 26 nm and 375 nm for MTP and FDP, respectively. A Consort NV P91 digital ph Meter (Belgium) calibrated with standard buffers was used for checking the ph of the buffer solutions used. Standard Solutions Stock solutions of MTP and FDP were prepared by dissolving 1. mg of the studied compounds in 1 ml of methanol in a calibrated flask and were further diluted Table 1 Performance data of the determination of MTP and FLD in pure form by the proposed method Parameter Metoprolol Felodipine Concentration range (μg/ml) Correlation coefficient Slope Intercept Limit of detection (LOD) (μg/ml).11.2 Limit of Quantification (LOQ) (μg/ml).32.6 S y/x S a S b %RSD %Er S y/x, Standard deviation of the residuals; S a, Standard deviation of the intercept % RSD = Relative standard deviation; S b, Standard deviation of the slope % Error = %RSD/ n. n=6.
3 Page 3 of 9 with water to obtain standard solutions containing 1 μg/ml of each drug. FDP standard solution was protected from light due to its photosensitivity. The standard solutions were stable for 1 days when kept in the refrigerator. Recommended procedures Calibration Curves Aliquots of MTP and FDP standard solutions covering the working concentration range cited in table 1 were transferred into a series of 1 ml volumetric flasks. Then the solutions were diluted to volume with distilled water and mixed well. Synchronous fluorescence spectra of the solutions were recorded by scanning both monochromators at a constant wavelength difference Δl = 7 nm and scan rate of 6 nm/min using 1 nm excitation and emission windows. The intensities of the SF spectra were estimated at 26 nm and 375 nm for MTP and FDP, respectively. A blank experiment was performed simultaneously. The relative fluorescence intensity of the synchronous spectra was plotted vs. thefinal concentration of the drugs (μg/ml) to get the calibration Curves. Alternatively, the corresponding regression equations were derived. Procedure for the synthetic mixture Aliquots of MTP and FDP standard solutions in the ratio of 1:1 were transferred into a series of 1 ml volumetric flasks. Then the solution was diluted to the volume with distilled water, and mixed well. The recommended procedure under Calibration Curve was then performed. The relative SF intensities were measured and the corresponding concentrations were derived from the calibration curves or the corresponding regression equations. Procedure for commercial tablets The films of ten coated (individually weighed) tablets were gently removed with water. The tablets were then dried, weighed, powdered and mixed well. A weighed quantity of the powder equivalent to 1. mg MTP and 1 mg of FDP (in their ratio of 1:1) was transferred into a small conical flask and extracted with 5 ml of methanol by ultrasonication for 3 min. The extract was filtered with acrodisc GHP (Gelman Hydrophilic Polypropy lene membrane) into a 1 ml volumetric flask. The conical flask was washed with few mls of methanol. The washings were passed into the same volumetric flask and completed to the mark withthesamesolvent. Aliquots covering the working concentration range were transferred into 1 ml volumetric flasks. The recommended procedure under Calibration Curve was performed. The nominal content of the Tablets were determined either from a previously plotted calibration curve or using the corresponding regression equation. Results and discussion Synchronous fluorescence spectra of MTP and FDP Metoptolol was found to exhibit two excitation wavelengths at 225 and 275 nm, and two emission spectra at 36 and 46 nm (Figure 2). felodipine was found to exhibit maximum fluorescence intensity at 44 nm after excitation at 225, 24 and 375 nm (Figure 2). The emission spectra of both MTP and FDP greatly overlapped (Figure 3). This fact hindered the use of direct measurement for the simultaneous determination of MTP and FDP. This problem is more aggravated if it is desired to determine these compounds in their co-formulated preparations It was necessary to record first the normal synchronous spectra for both MTP and FDP. There is no overlap between them after subtracting the value of the blank. Figure 4 shows the SF spectra of different concentrations of MTP at 26 nm in presence of constant concentration of FDP (1. μg/ml) and the blank synchronous spectra, whereas, Figure 5 illustrates the SF spectra of different concentrations of FDP at 375 nm in presence of constant concentration of MTP (1. μg/ ml) and the blank synchronous spectra. Optimization of experimental conditions Different experimental parameters affecting the performance of the proposed method were carefully studied and optimized. Such factors were changed individually FI A A' A'' Wavelength(nm) Figure 2 Fluorescence spectra of: (A, A, A ) spectraofmtp (.5 μg/ml) in distilled water. (B, B ) spectra of FDP (2 μg/ml) in distilled water. Where: (A, B) are excitation spectra, (A, A, B ) are emission spectra. B B''
4 Page 4 of 9 Figure 3 Emission fluorescence spectra of MTP and FDP. a: (A, B) spectra of MTP and FDP, respectively, after excitation at 225. b: (C, D) spectra of MTP and FDP, respectively, after excitation at 375. while others were kept constant. These factors included: Δl, l max, ph and type of the diluting solvent. Selection of optimum Δl The optimum Δl value is an essential factor for performing the synchronous fluorescence scanning technique with regards to its resolution, sensitivity and features. It can directly influence spectral shape, band width and signal value. For this reason a wide range of Δl (2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 1 and 12 nm) was examined (Figure 6). For MTP, when Δl was higher than 7 nm, the fluorescence intensity was less sensitive while if Δl
5 Page 5 of SFI 6 5 f e 4 3 d 1 c 1 b a Wavelength(nm) Figure 4 Synchronous fluorescence spectra of. (1)FDP(1μg/ ml). (2) a-f, MTP (.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 1 μg/ml). (3) blank Figure 6 Synchronous fluorescence spectra of MTP and FDP at different Δl. Where: (A, B and C) for MTP at Δl of 6, 7 and 8 nm, respectively. (A, B and C ) for FDP at Δl of 6, 7 and 8 nm, respectively. was less than 7 nm the fluorescence intensity was very high and didn t enabled the simultaneous determination of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical ratio (1 MTP: 1 FDP). For FDP, when Δl waslessthan7nm, the fluorescence intensity was less sensitive while if Δl was 7 nm or higher it gave nearly the same sensitivity. Therefore, Δl of 7 nm was chosen as optimal one for separation of MTP and FDP mixtures, since it eliminated the spectral interference caused by each compound in the mixture and gave the desired sensitivity. 1 Selection of appropriate l max Metoprolol SF spectra using Δl of 7 have two values of l max, one at 233 and the other at 26 nm. The one at 26 nm didn t afford the higher sensitivity, yet it was used because it enabled the determination of FDP & MTP simultaneously at the ratio of 1:1. Selection of optimum ph The influence of ph on the fluorescence intensity of the two drugs was studied using different buffers covering the whole ph range, e.g. acetate buffer (ph ) and borate buffer ph (6-9.5). It was found that, using any of these two buffers either does not affect the synchronous fluorescence intensity or even decrease it. Therefore, for simplicity of the method no buffer was used throughout the study. SFI f 2 Effect of diluting solvent Dilution with different solvents including; water, methanol, acetone, acetic acid, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and dimethyl formamide (DMF) was employed (Figure 7). Water only gave the highest relative synchronous fluorescence intensity for MTP and FDP compared with the other solvents. Thus, water was chosen as the diluting solvent throughout the study. 3 e d 1 c a b Wavelength(nm) Figure 5 Synchronous fluorescence spectra of: (1) MTP (1 μg/ ml). (2) a-f, FDP (.2,.4,.5,.8, 1 and 1 μg/ml). (3) blank Validation of the Method The validity of the method was tested regarding; linearity & range, accuracy, repeatability, precision and specificity according to ICH Q2B recommendations [1]. Linearity and Range The regression plots showed a linear dependence of RSFI values on drug concentration over the range cited in Table 1.
6 Page 6 of 9 RSFI water Methanol Acetic Acid The validity of the methods was proved by statistical evaluation of the regression lines, using the standard deviation of the residuals (S y/x ), the standard deviation of the intercept (S a ) and standard deviation of the slope (S b ). The results are abridged in Table 1. The small values of the figures point out to the low scattering of the points around the calibration curves and high precision. Acetone Acetonitrile MTP FDP Diluting solvent Figure 7 Effect of diluting solvent on relative synchronous fluorescence intensity for MTP and FDP. DMSO DMF Limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) The limit of quantification (LOQ) was determined by establishing the lowest concentration that can be measured according to ICH Q2B recommendations [1], below which the calibration graph is non linear. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined by evaluating the lowest concentration of the analyte that can be readily detected. The results of LOD and LOQ of MTP and FDP by SDSFS method are abridged in Table 1. LOQ and LOD were calculated according to ICH Q2B recommendations [1]: LOQ = 1 s/s LOD = 3.3 s/s Where: S is the slope and s is the standard deviation of the intercept of regression line of the calibration curve. Accuracy and precision The proposed methods were applied to the determination of authentic samples of MTP and FDP over the concentration ranges cited in Table 2 in order to evaluate their accuracy. The results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained using comparison method [4]. Using the Student s t-test and the variance ratio F-test, [11] revealed no significant difference between the performance of the two methods regarding the accuracy and precision, respectively (Table 2). Table 2 Application of the synchronous fluorimetry to the determination of the studied drugs in the pure form Parameters Concentration taken (μg/ml) Concentration found (μg/ml) % Found Comparison method (4) 1-MTP X SD ± 1.3 ± 1.66 t-test.45 (2.36) F value 1.63 (5.79) 2-FDP X SD ± 1.17 ± 1.63 t-test.13 (2.36) F value 1.3 (5.79) Figures between parenthesis are the tabulated t (at degree of freedom = 7 for both drugs) and F values (at degree of freedom = 2, 5 for both drugs), respectively at p =.5 [11].
7 Page 7 of 9 SFI c a Repeatability: The repeatability was performed by applying the proposed methods for the determination of three concentrations of MTP and FDP in pure forms on three successive times, and the results are listed in Table 4. Intermediate precision: Intermediate precision was evaluated through repeated analysis of MTP and FDP in pure form applying the proposed method, using the concentrations showed in Table 4 for a period of 3 successive days Wavelength(nm) Figure 8 synchronous fluorescence spectra of. a, MTP (8 μg/ml); b, FDP (.8 μg/ml); c, synthetic mixture of MTP (8 μg/ml) and FDP (.8 μg/ml). Theproposedmethodwasappliedtothesimultaneous determination of MTP with FDP in synthetic mixtures containing different concentrations of both drugs in a ratio of 1:1 (Figure 8). The relative synchronous fluorescence intensities were measured for both drugs. The RSFI of MTP was measured at 26 nm where FDP shows nil contribution, similarly, the RFSI for FDP was measured at 375 nm where MTP shows nil contribution. The concentrations of both drugs in the synthetic mixture were calculated according to the linear regression equation of the calibration graphs. The results indicate high accuracy of the proposed method as shown in Table 3. The method was assessed regarding precision by evaluating repeatability and intermediate precision. b Selectivity The proposed SFS method allowed the selective determination of each drug in presence of the other without any interference proving its selectivity and ability to resolve a mixture of the two drugs. The proposed method was found to be specific for the two studied drugs in their combined tablets without interference from common tablet excipients such as Titanium oxide, Iron oxide, anhydrous lactose, propyl gallate, colloidal silicon dioxide, paraffin, hypromellose, cellulose, hydroxyl propyl cellulose sodium aluminum silicate, macrogel, sodium stearyl fumarate and poloxyl 4-hydrogenated caster oil. These matrix components did not interfere with the proposed method. Pharmaceutical Applications The proposed method was applied to the determination of the studied drugs in their coformulated tablet Logimax. It is a film coated slow release enteric tablet. As most of the analytes and tablet excipients were insoluble in water and soluble in methanol, a solution containing methanol was necessary to dilute drugs and insure for tablet disintegration [4]. Acrodisc GHP was used to ultra clean the extract of particles.45 μm or larger [4]. The specificity of the method was investigated by observing no interference encountered from the common Table 3 Application of the proposed method for determination of the studied drugs in their synthetic mixtures. Sample Concentration taken (μg/ml) Concentration found(μg/ml) Recovery % MTP FDP MTP FDP MTP FDP MTP and FDP mixture X ±SD ±.255 ±.686 % RSD % Error Each result is the average of three separate determinations.
8 Page 8 of 9 Table 4 Validation of the proposed method for determination of MTP and FDP raw materials using SSF mode Concentration added (μg/ml) % Found % RSD % Error MTP Repeatability ± ± ± Intermediate precision ± ± ± FDP Repeatability ± ± ± Intermediate precision ± ± ± Each result is the average of three separate determinations. excipients. This was proved by good recovery values obtained during determination of MTP and FDP in Logimax tablets (Table 5). Conclusion A new simple and sensitive method was explored for the simultaneous determination of MTP and FDP in binary mixture. The synchronous spectrofluorometric method, by virtue of its high sensitivity, could be applied to the analysis of both drugs in their co-formulated dosage forms. It was possible to measure low concentrations as.32 and.6 μg/ml for MTP and FDP respectively with good accuracy. Moreover, synchronous spectrofluorimetric technique enables the determination of MTP in the presence of FDP and vice versa. Moreover, the proposed method is time saving. Authors contributions MIW designed the proposed method and analyzed the data statistically. FFB proposed, planned and supervised the whole work. NME coordinated the study and modified the text. MHE carried out the experimental work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Received: 3 July 211 Accepted: 7 November 211 Published: 7 November 211 References 1. Sweetman SC: Martindale, The Complete Drug Reference. 36 edition. The Pharmaceutical Press: London; 9, , United States Pharmacopeial Convention: The United States Pharmacopoeia 3th and The National Formulary 25th Rockville, MD, USA; 7, Electronic Version. 3. Salem H, Abdallah OM: Determination of Metoprolol and Felodipine in Binary Mixture Using Chemometric-Assisted Spectrophotometric and High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic-UV Methods. Am J App Sci 7, 4(9): Rontogianni MA, Markopoulou CK, Koundourellis JE: HPLC and Chemometrically-Assisted Spectrophotometric Estimation of Two Binary Mixtures for Combined Hypertension Therapy. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Tech 6, 29(18): Wen-Gang W, Liu-Hong Y, Rui W, Xiao-Qing Z: Simultaneous Determination of Metoprolol Tartrate and Felodipine in Skin Diffuse Solution by HPLC. Chin Pharm J 6, 41: Zhang Y, Wu H, Xia A, Zhu S, Han Q, Yu R: Fluorescence determination of metoprolol in human plasma by trilinear decomposition-based calibration techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 6, 386(6): El Yazbi FA, Mahrous ME, Hammud HH, Sonji GM, Sonji NM: Comparative spectrophotometric, spectrofluorometric, and high performance liquid chromatographic study for the quantitative determination of the binary mixture felodipine and ramipril in pharmaceutical formulations. Anal Lett 8, 41: Table 5 Application of the proposed method for determination of the studied drugs in their co-formulated preparation Preparation Concentration taken (μg/ ml) Concentration found (μg/ ml) Recovery % Comparison method (4) MTP FDP MTP FDP MTP FDP MTP FDP Logimax Tablets a (MTP 5 mg + FDP 5 mg/tablet) Batch # (x) ±SD ±.41 ±.759 ± 1.6 ±.78 % RSD % Error t 1.18 (2.78) 1.36(2.78) F 15.2 (19) 1.5 (19) Each result is the average of three separate determinations. a Product of Astra Zeneca. Figures between parenthesis are the tabulated t (at degree of freedom = 4 for both drugs) and F values (at degree of freedom = 2, 2 for both drugs), respectively at p =.5 [11].
9 Page 9 of 9 8. Chen GZ, Huang XZ, Xu JG, Zheng ZZ, Wang ZB: The Methods of Fluorescence Analysis. Science Press, Beijing;, 2 199, Patra D, Mishra AK: Recent development in multicomponent synchronous fluorescence scan analysis. Trends Anal Chem 2, 21: Guidance for Industry; Q2B Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology. International Conference on Hormonization (ICH) [ GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm73384.pdf], (accessed September 1, 4). 11. Miller JC, Miller JN: Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry. 5 edition. Prentice Hall, England; 5, 39-73, , 256. doi:1.1186/ x-5-7 Cite this article as: Walash et al.: Synchronous fluorescence spectrofluorimetric method for the simultaneous determination of metoprolol and felodipine in combined pharmaceutical preparation. Chemistry Central Journal 211 5:7. Publish with ChemistryCentral and every scientist can read your work free of charge Open access provides opportunities to our colleagues in other parts of the globe, by allowing anyone to view the content free of charge. W. Jeffery Hurst, The Hershey Company. available free of charge to the entire scientific community peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance cited in PubMed and archived on PubMed Central yours you keep the copyright Submit your manuscript here:
Technical Overview. Introduction
Performance characteristics of the Agilent 12 Infinity Series Variable Wavelength Detectors Faster results, improved sensitivity and absolute data security Technical Overview Introduction The Agilent 12
More informationSimultaneous Determination and Validation of Olmesartan Medoximil and Metoprolol Tartarate by Analytical Technique RP-HPLC
Simultaneous Determination and Validation of Olmesartan Medoximil and Metoprolol Tartarate by Analytical Technique RP-HPLC J. Sandya Rani 1, N. Devanna 2, J. Mamatha 3 1,2 Department of chemistry, Jawaharlal
More informationProtein Quantification Kit (BCA Assay)
Protein Quantification Kit (BCA Assay) Booklet Item NO. KTD3001 Product Name Protein Quantification Kit (BCA Assay) ATTENTION For laboratory research use only. Not for clinical or diagnostic use Version
More informationStandard Operating Procedure for the Horiba FluroMax-4
Standard Operating Procedure for the Horiba FluroMax-4 Adapted from Horiba Operations Manual Created by Michael Delcau, Modified by Brian Lamp The Fluoromax is capable of making a variety of measurements.
More informationValidation of a Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS) Method for the Quantitation of Six Carbon Sugar in Saccharification Matrix
Validation of a Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS) Method for the Quantitation of Six Carbon Sugar in Saccharification Matrix Daudi Saang onyo, a,b Gary Selby b and Darrin L. Smith*
More informationHow to get acceptance of CEP revisions quickly
How to get acceptance of CEP revisions quickly EDQM WEBINAR 13 November 2017 Florence SCHULIAR - Certification of Substances Department 1 How to get acceptance of CEP revisions quickly Aim of this presentation
More informationDossier for Herbal Products
Dossier for Herbal Products I. Section A II. Section B I. Section A: Drug Substance 1. Drug Substance (Name, Manufacturer) Definition of the herbal product stock(s) and the herb name (s) should be provided.
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Electrospray Differential Mobility Hyphenated with Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Characterization of Nanoparticles and Their Aggregates Jiaojie
More informationSupramolecular Approach to Enzyme Sensing on Paper Discs Using Lanthanide Photoluminescence
Supporting Information for Supramolecular Approach to Enzyme Sensing on Paper Discs Using Lanthanide Photoluminescence Tumpa Gorai and Uday Maitra* Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
More informationHarris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Eight Edition CHAPTER 05: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CALIBRATION METHODS
Harris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Eight Edition CHAPTER 05: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CALIBRATION METHODS 5-0. International Measurement Evaluation Program Sample: Pb in river water (blind sample) :
More informationChemical Characterization of Diverse Pharmaceutical Samples by Confocal Raman Microscopy
Whitepaper Chemical Characterization of Diverse Pharmaceutical Samples by Confocal Raman Microscopy WITec GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Str. 6, 89081 Ulm, Germany, www.witec.de Introduction The development and production
More informationBCA protein assay kit for low concentrations. For measuring total protein concentration of pure proteins, extracts or lysates.
ab207002 BCA protein assay kit for low concentrations Instructions for use: For measuring total protein concentration of pure proteins, extracts or lysates. This product is for research use only and is
More informationFusion AE LC Method Validation Module. S-Matrix Corporation 1594 Myrtle Avenue Eureka, CA USA Phone: URL:
Fusion AE LC Method Validation Module S-Matrix Corporation 1594 Myrtle Avenue Eureka, CA 95501 USA Phone: 707-441-0404 URL: www.smatrix.com Regulatory Statements and Expectations ICH Q2A The objective
More informationOperating Manual. High Performance Liquid Chromatograph. Scientific Equipment Center, Prince Of Songkla University
Operating Manual High Performance Liquid Chromatograph Agilent 1100 ; VWD, DAD, FLD and RID Scientific Equipment Center, Prince Of Songkla University Operating Manual High Performance Liquid Chromatograph
More informationIt is highly advised to use this template to prepare your paper before you submit your manuscript.
It is highly advised to use this template to prepare your paper before you submit your manuscript. Original Article/Short Communication/Review Article. The Title Example: Direct observation of chemical
More informationTools for Monitoring and Controlling Uniformity of Solid Dosage Forms
Tools for Monitoring and Controlling Uniformity of Solid Dosage Forms Martin Warman Scientific Fellow, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc Controlling process variation does not start with measurement technology..
More informationab BCA protein assay kit reducing agent compatible (test tube)
ab207004 BCA protein assay kit reducing agent compatible (test tube) Instructions for use: For measuring total protein concentration of pure proteins, extracts or lysates in the presence of reducing agents.
More informationNMR Users Guide Organic Chemistry Laboratory
NMR Users Guide Organic Chemistry Laboratory Introduction The chemistry department is fortunate to have a high field (400 MHz) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometer. You will be using this instrument
More informationAgilent MicroLab Quant Calibration Software: Measure Oil in Water using Method IP 426
Agilent MicroLab Quant Calibration Software: Measure Oil in Water using Method IP 426 Application Note Environmental Authors John Seelenbinder and Dipak Mainali Agilent Technologies, Inc. Introduction
More informationIntroduction. Characteristics. Chemical Formula. General Properties of Fujicalin. Application. Application in Probiotics.
The Unique DCPA Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Anhydrous designed to function as a direct compression excipient with high exceptional flow and compression characteristics Table of Contents Introduction...
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Electronic Supplementary Information Construction of flexible metal-organic framework (MOF) papers
More informationCHLORINE DIOXIDE (0 to 5.00 mg/l) Method 10126
CHLORINE DIOXIDE (0 to 5.00 mg/l) Method 10126 DPD Method* Scope and Application: for measuring chlorine dioxide in clean water For water 530 nm 1. Enter the stored program for chlorine dioxide (ClO 2
More informationCH142 Spring Spectrophotometers with Vernier Data Acquisition Software
Spectrophotometers with Vernier Data Acquisition Software The absorbance of a sample is given as A = log I o I, where I o is the intensity without sample present and I is the intensity with the sample
More informationQuality Overall Summary Chemical Entities Clinical Trial Application Phase III QOS - CTA GRP(PQ)-01-1(v1): Date 2008/11/12
Therapeutic Products Directorate To: [Name], Director, Office of Clinical Trials Security Classification: HC Protected From: [Name], Manager, Clinical Trials Quality Division, Office of Clinical Trials
More informationToxicology Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Toxicology Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 1.0 Purpose - This procedure specifies the required elements for the calibration and use of the Agilent Gas Chromatograph interfaced to the Agilent
More informationAgilent 1260 Infinity Diode Array Detector
Agilent 126 Infinity Diode Array Detector Features, Technical Details, Specifications and Ordering Details 1 x higher sensitivity for HPLC and RRLC The Agilent 126 Infinity Diode Array Detector (DAD) features
More informationRemoving Subjectivity from the Assessment of Critical Process Parameters and Their Impact
Peer-Reviewed Removing Subjectivity from the Assessment of Critical Process Parameters and Their Impact Fasheng Li, Brad Evans, Fangfang Liu, Jingnan Zhang, Ke Wang, and Aili Cheng D etermining critical
More informationQUALITY OVERALL SUMMARY - CHEMICAL ENTITIES (Applications for Drug Identification Number Submissions) (QOS-CE (DINA))
QUALITY OVERALL SUMMARY - CHEMICAL ENTITIES (Applications for Drug Identification Number Submissions) (QOS-CE (DINA)) (version: 2004-04-01) FOREWORD The Quality Overall Summary (QOS) is a summary of the
More informationQUALITY OVERALL SUMMARY - CHEMICAL ENTITIES (New Drug Submissions/Abbreviated New Drug Submissions) (QOS-CE (NDS/ANDS))
QUALITY OVERALL SUMMARY - CHEMICAL ENTITIES (New Drug Submissions/Abbreviated New Drug Submissions) (QOS-CE (NDS/ANDS)) (version: 2004-04-01) FOREWORD The Quality Overall Summary (QOS) (Module 2.3) is
More informationAgilent Max-Light Cartridge Cell Information for G4212A/B DAD and G7117A/B DAD
Agilent Max-Light Cartridge Cell Information for G4212A/B DAD and G7117A/B DAD Information about the Max-Light Cartridge Cells 2 Specifications 2 Description of the dispersion volume V(σ) 2 Recommendations
More informationError Analysis, Statistics and Graphing
Error Analysis, Statistics and Graphing This semester, most of labs we require us to calculate a numerical answer based on the data we obtain. A hard question to answer in most cases is how good is your
More informationUsing Adjustable Slits to Reduce Interfering Element Effects
Prodigy ICP Technical Note Using Adjustable Slits to Reduce Interfering Element Effects INTRODUCTION The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) is one of the most widely used emission sources for routine trace
More informationSize- and charge-based Separations for Biopharmaceutical Analysis
Platzhalter für Bild, Bild auf Titelfolie hinter das Logo einsetzen Size- and charge-based Separations for Biopharmaceutical Analysis Comparative Performance Studies with various CE and HPLC techniques
More informationMinisart Syringe Filters Removal of Particles and Microorganisms from Liquids and Gases
58 Filtration Devices Minisart Syringe Filters Minisart Syringe Filters Removal of Particles and Microorganisms from Liquids and Gases Sample Preparation HPLC UHPLC Analytics Elimination of particles from
More informationC101-E137 TALK LETTER. Vol. 14
C101-E137 TALK LETTER Vol. 14 Diffuse Reflectance Measurement of Powder Samples and Kubelka-Munk Transformation ------- 02 Application: Measuring Food Color ------- 08 Q&A: What effect does the scan speed
More informationHuqun Liu, Varian Inc., Lake Forest CA
Rapid development of an LC method for separating high molecular weight degradants from a biopharmaceutical product using an automated Design of Experiments (DOE) approach. Introduction Huqun Liu, Varian
More informationRheology Under the Microsco Under the Microsco e:
Rheology Under the Microscope: Tracking Changes of a Networked Associative Polymer Under Shear at the Molecular Level Howard Siu 30 th Annual IPR Symposium University of Waterloo May 13 th, 2008 Outline
More informationOptimizing System Dispersion on the Agilent 1290 Infinity II LC
Optimizing System Dispersion on the Agilent 1290 Infinity II LC The Agilent Ultralow Dispersion Kit Technical Overview Authors Bettina Schuhn and Sonja Schneider Agilent Technologies, Inc. Waldbronn, Germany
More informationFAQs: Quality Systems Manual (QSM) Version 5.0
General FAQs: Quality Systems Manual (QSM) Version 5.0 1. Why was client changed to "customer" and "documents" to "records" throughout the QSM? The changes were due to ISO requirements, but in general
More informationMTP SmallAnchor Targets BC
Instructions for Use MTP SmallAnchor Targets BC Polished steel targets with hydrophilic sample and calibrant spots surrounded by a hydrophobic barrier for MALDI sample preparation CARE products are designed
More informationPreliminary Lab Exercise Part 1 Calibration of Eppendorf Pipette
Preliminary Lab Exercise Part 1 Calibration of Eppendorf Pipette Pipettes allow transfer of accurately known volume of solution from one container to another. Volumetric or transfer pipettes deliver a
More informationChemical Polarimeter (Order Code CHEM-POL)
Chemical Polarimeter (Order Code CHEM-POL) The Chemical Polarimeter is a device used for measuring the rotation of plane-polarized light caused by an optically active substance such as an organic, inorganic,
More informationChallenges of Statistical Analysis/Control in a Continuous Process
PQRI workshop on Sample Sizes for Decision Making in New Manufacturing Paradigms Challenges of Statistical Analysis/Control in a Continuous Process Fernando Muzzio, Professor II Director, ERC-SOPS Rutgers
More informationUV-VIS Spectrophotometer
UV-VIS Spectrophotometer LOW STRAY LIGHT EXCELLENT STABILITY EASILY UPDATED MANY APPLICATIONS LOW COST HIGH QUALITY SMALL FOOTPRINT USER FRIENDLY SOFTWARE UV-VIS Spectrophotometer 1/2 PG INSTRUMENTS LIMITED
More informationSupplementary Information for. A self-cleaning underwater superoleophobic mesh for oil-water separation
Supplementary Information for A self-cleaning underwater superoleophobic mesh for oil-water separation Lianbin Zhang 1, Yujiang Zhong 1, Dongkyu Cha 2 & Peng Wang 1 1 Biological and Environmental Sciences
More information2008 Cemagref. Reprinted with permission.
O. Haavisto and H. Hyötyniemi. 8. Partial least squares estimation of mineral flotation slurry contents using optical reflectance spectra. In: Proceedings of the th Conference on Chemometrics in Analytical
More informationUV / VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETER
www.mapada.com.cn A Professional Manufacturer Shanghai Mapada Instruments Co., Ltd. Add: Building D-10, 261# Sanbang Rd., Songjiang Export Processing Zone,Shanghai, 201611 Tel: +86-21-5488 1172 +86-21-5488-0273
More informationCheckPoint Pharma and CheckPoint e Portable/On-Line TOC Sensors
CheckPoint Pharma and CheckPoint e Portable/On-Line TOC Sensors Standard Operating Protocols Firmware Version 1.04 and later User Procedures: Installation Qualification Protocols Operational Qualification
More informationQuality and Safety of Medicines
Falsified lamivudine/zidovudine/nevirapine tablets: rapid identification using X-ray fluorescence technique The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique was used to determine bromine (Br) concentration in lamivudine/zidovudine/nevirapine
More informationChemical Characterization of Pharmaceutical Samples by Confocal Raman Microscopy and Correlative Techniques
APPLICATION NOTE Chemical Characterization of Pharmaceutical Samples by Confocal Raman Microscopy and Correlative Techniques WITec GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Str. 6, 89081 Ulm, Germany fon +49 (0) 731 140 700,
More informationChapter 5. Calibration methods: regression and correlation
Chapter 5 Calibration methods: regression and correlation Introduction: instrumental analysis Instrumental methods versus wet methods (Titrimetry and gravimetry) Reasons for abundance of instrumental methods
More informationThe latest trend of hybrid instrumentation
Multivariate Data Processing of Spectral Images: The Ugly, the Bad, and the True The results of various multivariate data-processing methods of Raman maps recorded with a dispersive Raman microscope are
More informationAgilent ChemStation for UV-visible Spectroscopy
Agilent ChemStation for UV-visible Spectroscopy Understanding Your Advanced Software Agilent Technologies Notices Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2002, 2003-2008 No part of this manual may be reproduced in
More informationphoenix Upgrade Packages for SLM Model 4800/48000/8000/8100 Spectrofluorometers
Upgrade Packages for SLM Model 4800/48000/8000/8100 Spectrofluorometers Phoenix: The Upgrade Packages for SLM Model 4800/48000/8000/8100 Spectrofluorometers The Phoenix Upgrade Packages are designed to
More informationLIGHT SOURCE Quartz-iodine lamp 12V-20W.
SPECIFICATIONS THROUGHPUT Up to 180 tests per hour; Up to 300 tests per hour with ISE unit. REAGENT SYSTEM Rotor with 24 positions for 25 ml bottles and 8 positions for 5 ml bottles. All positions can
More informationSynthesis of derivatives of potent antitumor bistramide D and A leading to the first crystal structure of natural bistramide D
SUPPLEMETARY MATERIAL Synthesis of derivatives of potent antitumor bistramide D and A leading to the first crystal structure of natural bistramide D Claude Bauder,* a,c Jean-François Biard b and Guy Solladié
More informationIntroduction: Experiment 1: Wave Properties of Light
Natural Order Properties of Light Lab Introduction: In this lab we will explore the wave and particle nature of light. In the first experiment we will measure the diffraction pattern of light as it passes
More informationHow to Analyze Materials
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR DIFFRACTION DATA How to Analyze Materials A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR POWDER DIFFRACTION To All Readers This is a practical guide. We assume that the reader has access to a laboratory
More informationPharmaceutics Laboratory PHM188P, Spring 2017 Syllabus/First Day Handout
Pharmaceutics Laboratory PHM188P, Spring 2017 Syllabus/First Day Handout Course Description: This course will introduce the student to the knowledge and skills of fundamental mathematical calculations
More informationInstytut Fizyki Doświadczalnej Wydział Matematyki, Fizyki i Informatyki UNIWERSYTET GDAŃSKI
Instytut Fizyki Doświadczalnej Wydział Matematyki, Fizyki i Informatyki UNIWERSYTET GDAŃSKI I. Background theory. 1. Characteristics of the apparatus: prismatic, grating, interferometers. 2. Operating
More informationDRI ETHYL ALCOHOL ASSAY APPLICATION Beckman Coulter AU400, AU480, AU640, AU680, AU2700, AU5400, AU5800
DRI ETHYL ALCOHOL ASSAY APPLICATION Beckman Coulter AU400, AU480, AU640, AU680, AU2700, AU5400, AU5800 Catalog No. 0037, 0038 Intended for the quantitative determination of alcohol in human urine, serum
More informationSupporting Information. High-Throughput, Algorithmic Determination of Nanoparticle Structure From Electron Microscopy Images
Supporting Information High-Throughput, Algorithmic Determination of Nanoparticle Structure From Electron Microscopy Images Christine R. Laramy, 1, Keith A. Brown, 2, Matthew N. O Brien, 2 and Chad. A.
More informationThree-component synthesis of polysubstituted pyrrole core containing heterocyclic scaffolds over magnetically separable nanocrystalline copper ferrite
Three-component synthesis of polysubstituted pyrrole core containing heterocyclic scaffolds over magnetically separable nanocrystalline copper ferrite Sanjay Paul, Gargi Pal, Asish R. Das* Department of
More informationFLUOSTAR Rhodamine B- encapsulating microspheres are seeding particles optimized for Particle Image Velocimetry. Technical handbook ver.
www.ebm.vc FLUOSTAR Rhodamine B- encapsulating microspheres are seeding particles optimized for Particle Image Velocimetry Technical handbook ver.1, Feb, 2010 CONTENTS 1) Introduction of fluorescent PIV
More informationUV-VIS Spectrophotometer
T60 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer LOW STRAY LIGHT EXCELLENT STABILITY EASILY UPDATED MANY APPLICATIONS LOW COST HIGH QUALITY SMALL FOOTPRINT USER FRIENDLY SOFTWARE T60 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer 1/2 PG INSTRUMENTS
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Information for Phase-specific pore growth in ultrathin bicomponent films from cellulose-based polysaccharides by Laura Taajamaa, Orlando Rojas,* Janne Laine, Eero Kontturi* ESI
More informationMultiskan Sky Microplate Spectrophotometer
Multiskan Sky Microplate Spectrophotometer Take your photometric research to new heights Multiskan Sky Microplate Spectrophotometer: redefining photometry The Thermo Scientific Multiskan Sky Microplate
More informationDissolution Testing PT DT70
The PT-DT70 is the new low head dissolution tester from Pharma Test. It provides a space saving, low cost entry into dissolution testing. Whether for a new laboratory or to meet tough budget requirements,
More information[Mahajan*, 4.(7): July, 2015] ISSN: (I2OR), Publication Impact Factor: 3.785
[Mahajan*, 4.(7): July, 05] ISSN: 77-9655 (IOR), Publication Impact Factor:.785 IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY OPTIMIZATION OF SURFACE GRINDING PROCESS PARAMETERS
More informationS800 Spectrawave Visible Diode Array Spectrophotometer
6 SCANNING VISIBLE INSTRUMENT FOR EDUCATION OPTIMISED FOR THE TEACHING LABORATORY S800 Spectrawave Visible Diode Array Spectrophotometer ABSORBANCE, % TRANSMISSION, CONCENTRATION AND KINETICS LARGE, EASY
More informationFrom Color to Chemometrics
From Color to Chemometrics Strategies to determine coating thickness and quality Preliminary Version AIMCAL Web Coating & Handling Conference 2016 02.06.2016 Chris Hellwig Agenda 1 About us 2 Process and
More informationTechnical Procedure for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Gunshot Residue Analysis
Technical Procedure for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Gunshot Residue Analysis 1.0 Purpose This technical procedure shall be followed for the operation of the Inductively Coupled
More informationSupporting Information
Copyright WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69469 Weinheim, Germany, 2015. Supporting Information for Adv. Mater., DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503969 Generalizable Synthesis of Metal-Sulfides/Carbon Hybrids with
More informationAutomating HPLC Analytical Methods Development
Automating HPLC Analytical Methods Development By Graham Shelver, Varian Inc, Walnut Creek, CA and Richard Verseput, S-Matrix Corp, Eureka, CA Abstract There are many different ways that chromatographer
More informationSection ADDED NEW LANGUAGE
Section 1.7.1 ADDED NEW LANGUAGE Calibrations may be performed at the instrument level (analytical step only) or the method level (analytical plus preparation steps). For certain methods, such as purge
More informationIntegrated Solutions. Automated Tablet Dissolution Testing with Agilent Chemstation HPLC. unique automated analytical solution for HPLC Analysis
Integrated Solutions Automated Tablet Dissolution Testing with Agilent Chemstation HPLC unique automated analytical solution for HPLC Analysis The IDIS integrated solutions provide a unique analytical
More informationAgilent ChemStation for UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Agilent ChemStation for UV-Visible Spectroscopy Understanding Your Dissolution Testing Software Agilent Technologies Notices Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2000, 2003-2008, 2013, 2014, 2016 No part of this
More informationExperiment 5: Exploring Resolution, Signal, and Noise using an FTIR CH3400: Instrumental Analysis, Plymouth State University, Fall 2013
Experiment 5: Exploring Resolution, Signal, and Noise using an FTIR CH3400: Instrumental Analysis, Plymouth State University, Fall 2013 Adapted from JP Blitz and DG Klarup, "Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Signal
More informationFlexar FX-20 LC Pump: Ultimate Performance and Flexibility for UHPLC and HPLC
P R O D U C T N O T E Liquid Chromatography Key Features Improved productivity compatible with all UHPLC columns, the Flexar FX-20 Pump can operate at pressures as high as 18,000 psi, providing throughput
More informationSpecifications August 2011
Agilent UV-Visible ChemStation for Spectroscopy Rev. B.04.xx Specifications August 2011 The Agilent ChemStation for UV-Visible spectroscopy provides instrument control, data acquisition, and data evaluation
More informationUV-6 Series Double Beam UV/Vis Spectrophotometers
UV-6 Series Double Beam UV/Vis Spectrophotometers Model UV-6100 UV-6100PC UV-6300 UV-6300PC avelength Range 190-1100nm 190-1100nm Spectral Bandwidth 1.8nm 1.8nm 1.0nm 1.0nm Optical System avelength Accuracy
More informationMultivariate Calibration Quick Guide
Last Updated: 06.06.2007 Table Of Contents 1. HOW TO CREATE CALIBRATION MODELS...1 1.1. Introduction into Multivariate Calibration Modelling... 1 1.1.1. Preparing Data... 1 1.2. Step 1: Calibration Wizard
More informationResearch on Design and Application of Computer Database Quality Evaluation Model
Research on Design and Application of Computer Database Quality Evaluation Model Abstract Hong Li, Hui Ge Shihezi Radio and TV University, Shihezi 832000, China Computer data quality evaluation is the
More information[ Oasis Sample Extraction Products ] SENSITIVITY IN ITS PUREST FORM
[ Oasis Sample Extraction Products ] SENSITIVITY IN ITS PUREST FORM 1 SENSITIVITY in ITS PUREST FORM Combining revolutionary sorbents with innovative hardware, Oasis products are the preeminent choice
More informationCurve Correction in Atomic Absorption
Curve Correction in Atomic Absorption Application Note Atomic Absorption Authors B. E. Limbek C. J. Rowe Introduction The Atomic Absorption technique ultimately produces an output measured in optical units
More informationAutomating HPLC Analytical Method Development Fusion AE Software Program White Paper
Automating HPLC Analytical Method Development Fusion AE Software Program White Paper S-Matrix Corporation 1594 Myrtle Avenue Eureka, CA 95501, USA www.smatrix.com Introduction Chromatographic analytical
More informationThe NGAL Test Application Note for Abbott Architect c8000
The NGAL Test Application Note for Abbott Architect c8 General parameters Name: NGAL Assay number: *1 Assay version: 1 Assay type: Photometric Assay availability: Enabled Cal version: 1 Reaction definition
More informationAgilent G6855AA MassHunter Personal
Agilent G6855AA MassHunter Personal Forensic Toxicology Database Kit Quick Start Guide What is the MassHunter Personal Forensic Toxicology Database Kit? 1 Kit Content 2 Where to find more information 4
More informationRIDASCREEN Aflatoxin M1
R-Biopharm AG Product information Reliable Extensively tested, excellent performance Sensitive Low limit of detection (5 ppt for milk) Easy All reagents ready to use Automatable Options available R-Biopharm
More informationDiving into a new dimension: Quality meets efficiency
Diving into a new dimension: Quality meets efficiency DR 6000 UV-VIS spectrophotometer Combining quality and cost-effectiveness The new DR 6000 UV-VIS spectrophotometer delivers top performance for both
More informationExample of QbD Application in Japan Yoshihiro Matsuda, Ph.D.
Example of QbD Application in Japan Yoshihiro Matsuda, Ph.D. Senior Scientist (for Quality) Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) Aug 11, 2016 1 Agenda Introduction of PMDA QbD assessment experience
More informationExperimental Observation of Invariance of Spectral Degree of Coherence. with Change in Bandwidth of Light
Experimental Observation of Invariance of Spectral Degree of Coherence with Change in Bandwidth of Light Bhaskar Kanseri* and Hem Chandra Kandpal Optical Radiation Standards, National Physical Laboratory,
More informationCounterTrace. Users manual. Version 1.3.0
CounterTrace Users manual Version 1.3.0 February 2004 Table of contents OVERVIEW...3 COUNTERTRACE SYSTEM COMPONENTS...4 COUNTERTRACE LOADING ADDITIVE...4 COUNTERTRACE SOFTWARE...4 COUNTERTRACE LOADING
More informationInfluence of the Optical Multi-Film Thickness on the Saturation of the Structural Color Displayed 1
Advances in Natural Science Vol. 3, No. 2,, pp.317-323 www.cscanada.net ISSN 1715-7862 [PRINT] ISSN 1715-787 [ONLINE] www.cscanada.org *The 3rd International Conference of Bionic Engineering* Influence
More informationLECTURE 15. Dr. Teresa D. Golden University of North Texas Department of Chemistry
LECTURE 15 Dr. Teresa D. Golden University of North Texas Department of Chemistry Typical steps for acquisition, treatment, and storage of diffraction data includes: 1. Sample preparation (covered earlier)
More informationUsing I9131 Sodium Combination ISE on 3200I/M
Overview Using I9131 Sodium Combination ISE on 3200I/M This document demonstrates how to use I9131 Sodium Combination ISE on 3200I or 3200 M to measure pna or the concentration of [Na + ]. Applied to 3200I
More informationCfE Higher Physics. Particles and Waves
Wallace Hall Academy CfE Higher Physics Particles and Waves Exam Questions Part 2 P&W: Exam Questions Part 2 Version 2013 Contents Section 5: Interference and Diffraction 1 Section 6: Refraction of Light
More informationCHAPTER 4. OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETER OF TURNING Al-SiC p (10P) MMC USING TAGUCHI METHOD (SINGLE OBJECTIVE)
55 CHAPTER 4 OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETER OF TURNING Al-SiC p (0P) MMC USING TAGUCHI METHOD (SINGLE OBJECTIVE) 4. INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the Taguchi approach to optimize the process parameters
More informationSilicon Avalanche Photodiodes in Dynamic Light Scattering
Silicon Avalanche Photodiodes in Dynamic Light Scattering August 2016 Introduction This application note describes the use of the ID100 single photon counting detector for the measurement of light scattered
More informationThermo Scientific Evolution 60S UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
m o l e c u l a r s p e c t r o s c o p y Thermo Scientific Evolution 60S UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Research Performance, Routine Ready Precise Dependable Economical Intuitive Part of Thermo Fisher
More information