How Voice Service Threatens Cellular- Connected IoT Devices in the Operational 4G LTE Networks
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1 How Voice Service Threatens Cellular- Connected IoT Devices in the Operational 4G LTE Networks Tian Xie 1, Chi-Yu Li 2, Jiliang Tang 1, Guan-Hua Tu 1 1 Michigan State University 2 National Chiao Tung University
2 Internet-of-Things (IoT) Era Things include a wide variety of devices House appliances Hotspot on vehicles Wearable devices Heart monitoring implants Cameras streaming live feed of wild animals Biochip transponders on farm animals Etc.
3 Cellular IoT Rel-8/ Cat. 4, Rel-8/Cat. 1, etc. Providing wide range data rates (0.2 Mbps to 150 Mbps) with low-power consumption for IoT devices. Already being proposed in 4G LTE networks and can be merged with existing networks Non-Cellular IoT LoRA, SigFox, etc. Only for low-speed transmission ( <= 50 Kbps) and low-power consumption IoT services.
4 Key Problem for Cellular IoT Services Does the existing network infrastructure support IoT services well?
5 Glance of Cellular IoT 1. Cellular IoT devices share the similar network architecture with non-iot devices (smartphones). 2. Specific IoT cellular network specification.
6 Study of IoT Support in Cellular Networks Cellular IoT Primer Cellular IoT Architecture IoT Specifications Vulnerability Proof-of-concept Attack Solution
7 4G LTE Network Architecture for Cellular IoT 4G RAN 4G Core Network Radio Access Network (RAN) Core Network (CN) Management Control Data IP Multimedia Subsystem IMS Mobility Management Entity MME Billing System Charging Gateway Function CGF 4G Gateways Home Subscriber Server HSS Internet
8 4G LTE Network Architecture for Cellular IoT Management Plane Charging Gateway Function (CGF) Billing System 4G RAN IP Multimedia Subsystem IMS 4G Core Network Billing System Charging Gateway Function CGF 4G Gateways Internet Mobility Management Entity MME Home Subscriber Server HSS
9 4G LTE Network Architecture for Cellular IoT Control plane Home Subscriber Server (HSS) Mobility Management Entity (MME) 4G RAN IP Multimedia Subsystem IMS 4G Core Network Billing System Charging Gateway Function CGF 4G Gateways Internet Mobility Management Entity MME Home Subscriber Server HSS
10 4G LTE Network Architecture for Cellular IoT Data plane CN connects RAN, IMS, and Internet 4G RAN IP Multimedia Subsystem IMS 4G Core Network Billing System Charging Gateway Function CGF 4G Gateways Internet Mobility Management Entity MME Home Subscriber Server HSS
11 Cellular IoT Technologies in 4G LTE Various network specifications in the 4G LTE network for diverse demands from IoT services Widely used Newly launched
12 Vulnerability Conventional charging function operates on a per-bearer basis. VoLTE voice Time-based charging Smartphone Mobile data services 4G Gateway Volume-based charging Smartwatch VoLTE voice & mobile data services 4G Gateway
13 Improper IoT Service Charging Function Network Interface Same experiment location Only one network interface Two network interfaces
14 Improper IoT Service Charging Function Question: Which charging function is used on the smartwatch? Currently, the service plan for IoT devices provided by operators is volume-based charging. This bearer s charging method is volume-based. Thus, the VoLTE service will be charged too. (VoLTE signaling is not free!)
15 Proof-of-concept Attack Launch an IoT overcharging unaware attack by sending a large number of VoLTE call signaling spams Caller VoLTE Server Callee 1. SIP Invite 1. SIP Invite 2. SIP Session Progress 2. SIP Session Progress 3. Resource Reservation 4. SIP Update 6. SIP Ringing 3. Resource Reservation 4. SIP Update 5. Ringing 6. SIP Ringing Without receiving SIP Update, the callee does not ring.
16 Proof-of-concept Attack Use our previous developed application, VoLTECaller, to launch the attack. Interrupt the dialing when observing SIP Session Progress Caller VoLTE Server Callee 1. SIP Invite 1. SIP Invite 2. SIP Session Progress 2. SIP Session Progress 3. Resource Reservation 3. Resource Reservation 4. SIP Update 4. SIP Update 5. Ringing 6. SIP Ringing 6. SIP Ringing
17 Attack Result Data usage volume per second Accumulated data usage volume per second Each VoLTE call attempt: 3.24 seconds Total data consumed: 681 KB 177 MB
18 Real World Impact? Verizon provides a cellular IoT charging plan for IoT users ($2 for one device with 200 KB data. The attack can consume 681 KB in 324 seconds, which means that 200KB data can be used in 100 seconds. No automatically refill: Denial of service Automatically refill: Non-negligible financial loss $2 per 100 seconds = $1440 per day for a single IoT device!
19 Solution Flow-based service charging method for IoT devices. Service data flow is identified by the five-tuple information: Source IP address or mask Source port number Destination IP address or mask Destination port number Protocol ID (TCO/UDP) VoLTE signaling can be represented (*, *, VoLTE_Server_IP, 5060, TCP)
20 Solution Advantage of flow-based charging method Compatible: Applying different charging methods to a single bearer for different services Deployable: T-Mobile and Verizon provide users with free DNS services (packets over TCP/UDP destination port 53 are free of charge)
21 CONCLUSION Review the network architecture and specification for cellular IoT Vulnerability The single bearer of IoT device servers both VoLTE services and data services. Proof-of-concept attack Solution Flow-based service charging method
22 Thank you! Questions?
How Voice Service Threatens Cellular-Connected IoT Devices in the Operational 4G LTE Networks
How Voice Service Threatens Cellular-Connected IoT Devices in the Operational 4G LTE Networks Tian Xie Computer Science and Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing, USA xietian1@msu.edu Chi-Yu
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