QoS in IPv6. Madrid Global IPv6 Summit 2002 March Alberto López Toledo.
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1 QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit 2002 March 2002 Alberto López Toledo Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
2 What is Quality of Service? Quality: reliable delivery of data better than normal. 4Data loss, latency (jitter), bandwidth... 4In general: an efficient use of network resources. Service: something offered to the final user. 4End-to-end communication. 4Client-server applications. 4Data transport, etc. 4Concept: service guarantee, SLA. 2 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
3 QoS Quality of Service is a measurement of the network behavior with respect to certain characteristics of defined services?!! an ambiguous term with a difficult interpretation. But still some common concepts to all definitions of QoS: 4Traffic and type of service differentiation. 4Users may be able to treat one or more traffic classes differently. 3 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
4 Classes of Service It refers to traffic management, not to a global subjective definition of QoS. Open questions: 4 What s the minimum complete set of classes of service? Define classes. 4 How to differentiate them? Traffic classification -> differentiation. 4 How to get predictive CoS and not only relative priorities? User seeks for predictive characteristics ( I want to download this file in less that 2 minutes ). 4 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
5 Hot to get QoS Queuing latency may be controlled by QoS mechanisms Propagation latency is determined by media : it can not be changed Meters Classifier Scheduler (priorities) Σ Traffic Shaping Access Control Policy manager 5 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
6 Integrated Services IntServ was introduced by IETF in RFC It suggest that the actual architecture is enough (with some extensions) to provide QoS. Tries to mix the best of two opposed paradigms: 4Datagram networks: maximize network usage by multiplexing traffic: robust, adaptation, multipoint, etc. 4Circuit networks: fixed guarantees. 6 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
7 IntServ Services Guaranteed Service: 4RFC Assured bandwidth and latency. No losses. Controlled Load Service 4RFC The network appears like light loaded: less guarantees, predictive service. Best Effort Service 4The actual WWW (World Wide Wait). 7 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
8 Integrated Services Applications Real time Elastic Intolerant Tolerant telnet, ftp, Interactive Audio Guaranteed Service Video, non Interact. audio Controlled Load Best Effort 8 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
9 RSVP ReSource reservation Protocol Commonly used by Integrated Services. Generic signaling protocol: it carries object (QoS) transparently. References RSVP: RFC2205. RSVP + IntServ: RFC (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
10 RSVP (II) Requirements: 4Support for unicast and multicast flows. 4Support for heterogeneous flows (with different QoS). 4Based on existing protocols. Characteristics: Explicit reservation end to end model soft-state: adaptation, flexibility, robustness. Receiver initiated. Per-flow management Dynamic access control (in every node) 10 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
11 RSVP HOST Application process RSVP Agent ROUTER RSVP process Policy control Routing Policy control Admission control Admission control Classifier Queue management Classifier Queue management Data Flows RSVP Signaling 11 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
12 RSVP disadvantages Soft-state: Inefficient Scalability: possible aggregation. Complexity Per packet/flow management. 12 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
13 Differenciated Services Simplistic philosophy opposed to IntServ + RSVP 4RFC No reservations: priorities. 4No flows. 4No end to end. 13 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
14 DiffServ Protocol that implements Differentiated Services. It is based on information contained in every packet header, marked with a priority. Classifier Shaper Marker Meter 14 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
15 DiffServ (II) DiffServ field: 4DSCP (RFC 2474): specifies a reduced, well defined set of traffic classes. DSCP Class Selector Not used It allows up to 2^64 different contexts per hop behavior models. XXXXXXX0 Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) XXXXXX11 Experimental / local use XXXXXX01 Experimental / local / IANA 15 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
16 DiffServ (III) PHB: External visible behavior 4Indicated by DSCP value. PHB Expedited Forwarding 4RFC Strict bandwidth and latency guarantees. 4DSCP = PHB Assured Forwarding 4RFC More relaxed QoS. 4DSCP xxxyyy0. 4xxx class selector (queue). 4yyy discard priority selector. 16 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
17 Differentiated services Advantages: 4Faster processing in routers: limited complexity in classification and queuing. 4Less state maintained. 4No out of band signaling (less overhead). 4In general improved scalability. Disadvantages 4No end to end. 4Predictive Services. 4Access control only in borders (need of bandwidth broker). 4Relies on over provisioning. 17 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
18 General QoS quiz End to end? Explicit Reservations? Out-of-band / in-band signaling? per-flow management vs. aggregation? Soft-state or hard-state? Sender or Receiver initiated? QoS parameters? Centralized or distributed? 18 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
19 QoS support in IPv4 19 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
20 IPv4 Header Vers IHL ToS Total Length Ident Flags Frag. Off. TTL Protocol Src Address Checksum Dest Address Options 20 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
21 QoS Support in IPv4 Type of Service field (ToS): 4 RFC 1349, RFC 1812 (ToS classes) Precedence ToS Not used 1000 minimize delay 0100 maximize throughput 0010 maximize reliability 0001 minimize monetary cost 0000 normal service 21 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
22 Problems of ToS Field It provides a fixed and limited model for service differentiation. Priority field 4Only codes relative priorities. Type of Service field 4Too small. 4Not adopted, it is no used by routers. With RFC 2474 ToS field is substituted by DS field. 22 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
23 QoS problems in IPv4 Fragmentation. 4 Major IPv4 problem. 4 Produces congestion, consumes bandwidth and cpu resources. Control Overhead. 4 ICMPv4 has too many options. Inefficient routing. 4 It is a direct consequence of fragmentation, but also because an inefficient and uncontrolled address assignment. Minimal QoS support. 4 Only an infra-utilized field. 23 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
24 QoS support in IPv6 24 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
25 IPv6 Header Vers Traffic Class Flow label Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit Source address Destination address 25 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
26 QoS Support in IPv6 Inherent IPv6 performance. Flow label. Priorities. 26 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
27 Performance IPv6 packet format was especially designed to be efficiently managed by routers. 4 Less fields. 4 Flow labels is located BEFORE address, in case flow routing is used (route calculated just once). 4 An efficient packet processing permits a fast forwarding, reducing queuing delays. ICMPv6 is lighter and more concrete. IPv6 provides autoconfiguration. Number of hops and not TTL. 4 no router used TTL properly anyway. 27 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
28 Flows A flow is traffic (set of packets) with a common semantic. Flows are used so packets belonging to the same flow are treated equally. Originally thought to be used in reservation (RSVP). 28 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
29 Flow label 20 bits field in IPv6 header. 4Identifies IPv6 packets with the same origin and destination so they can be treated equally. 4Packets may not be inspected and classified every time encryption. 4Packets classified by fields in fixed positions no digging in upper layers / option headers. Rules: 4Same source and destination (or multidestination). 4They have to be forwarded to the same next hop. 4They share routing and hop headers. 29 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
30 Flow labels (II) Caveats 4Much more flows than src/dst pairs. 4It is not a must (so they introduce a special case in routers) Controversy: will flow label be used? 4It is not clear whether the reservation model will success. 4Still lacks of a wide adopted architecture for its use. 30 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
31 Flow label (III) The future at Feb <draft-ietf-ipv6-flow-label-00.txt>, IETF IPv6 WG 4Specifies the usage of IPv6 flow labels, requirements of hosts labeling traffic, and requirements for mechanisms that uses flow labels. Classification 4Src add, dst add and flow label. Other requirements 4Keep statistics 4Hosts may track used flows to avoid conflicts. It provides a framework of use. 31 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
32 Priorities 8 bits Class of Traffic (CoT) field in IPv6 header. 4RFC RFC 2474 suggest the use of ToS field as a DS field. 32 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
33 Other IPv6 advantages Mobility support: 4Better performance while moving. 4Less overhead. Security. 4Authentication against QoS agents. 4Integrity of QoS data. 4Avoid frauds. 33 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
34 Pending problems 4It is still not clear where to locate QoS functionality. 4It is not clear what QoS support should a protocol provide. 4There isn t a a clear QoS architecture (ISSLL). 4There isn t a clear agreement on services. However: 4Some aspects slowly converge. 4There exists a clear support from the Telco industry to offer traffic differentiation to users. 34 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
35 Conclusions The lack of consensus about QoS architecture prevents an adequate support from protocols. IPv6 is a step forward, but there are still lots of things to do. 35 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
36 Thanks for your attention!! 36 (March 2002) QoS in IPv6 Madrid Global IPv6 Summit
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