An Instruction Set Extension for Fast and Memory- Efficient AES Implementation. Stefan Tillich, Johann Großschädl, Alexander Szekely
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1 Institute for Applied Information Processing and Communications () GRAZ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY An Instruction Set Extension for Fast and Memory- Efficient AES Implementation Stefan Tillich, Johann Großschädl, Alexander Szekely Conference on Communications and Multimedia Security (CMS '05) Institute for Applied Information Processing and Communications () Group Faculty of Computer Science Graz University of Technology
2 Introduction NIST's Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) defines a symmetric-key cipher Lot of focus on efficient implementations (both software and hardware) Pure software vs. pure hardware implementations Our work deals with optimizing AES software implementations on 32-bit platforms with cryptographic extensions (HW/SW co-design) ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 2
3 AES Overview AES_encrypt(byte in[4*4], byte out[4*4], word w[4*(nr+1)]) byte state[4,4]; state = in; AddRoundKey(state, w[0, 3]); // Initial AddRoundKey for round = 1 step 1 to Nr 1 // (Nr-1) rounds SubBytes(state); ShiftRows(state); MixColumns(state); AddRoundKey(state, w[round*4, (round+1)*4-1]); end for // Last round (no MixColumns) SubBytes(state); ShiftRows(state); AddRoundKey(state, w[nr*4, (Nr+1)*4-1]); out = state; end s 0,0 s 1,0 s 2,0 s 3,0 s 0,1 s 1,1 s 2,1 s 3,1 s 0,2 s 1,2 s 2,2 s 3,2 s 0,3 s 1,3 s 2,3 s 3,3 State matrix ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 3
4 AES Overview (cont'd) Each round consists of four transformations: SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns, AddRoundKey ShiftRows, AddRoundKey simple to implement in software SubBytes requires an affine transformation and inversion in GF(2 8 ). Not efficient to calculate on general-purpose processors (normally implemented with a 256-byte lookup table: SBOX lookup) MixColumns multiplies two polynomials with coefficients in GF(2 8 ) ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 4
5 AES Optimization Whole round (SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns) as lookup (T lookup). Requires a lookup table of at least 1 kb for encryption and decryption each. May be slow on systems with slow memory and no or small cache Facilitate calculation of transformations with instruction set extensions ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 5
6 AES with Lookup Tables Possible table sizes (AES encryption): 256 bytes, 1280 bytes, 4352 bytes, 5 kb, 8 kb) Same options for decryption Tradeoff between table size and performance (instruction count) But larger tables put higher strain on cache subsystem -> possible performance degradation ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 6
7 AES: Just SBOX lookup AES_encrypt() AddRoundKey(); S-table (256 bytes) end for round = 1 step 1 to Nr 1 SubBytes(); ShiftRows(); MixColumns(); AddRoundKey(); end for // Last round SubBytes(); ShiftRows(); AddRoundKey(); ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 7
8 AES: T lookup (1 kb) AES_encrypt() T-table (1 kb) AddRoundKey(); for round = 1 step 1 to Nr 1 SubBytes(); ShiftRows(); MixColumns(); AddRoundKey(); end for // Last round SubBytes(); ShiftRows(); AddRoundKey(); S-table (256 bytes) end ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 8
9 AES: T lookup (4 kb) AES_encrypt() 4 x T-table (4 kb) AddRoundKey(); for round = 1 step 1 to Nr 1 SubBytes(); ShiftRows(); MixColumns(); AddRoundKey(); end for // Last round SubBytes(); ShiftRows(); AddRoundKey(); S-table (256 bytes) end ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 9
10 AES: T lookup (8 kb) AES_encrypt() end AddRoundKey(); for round = 1 step 1 to Nr 1 SubBytes(); ShiftRows(); MixColumns(); AddRoundKey(); end for // Last round SubBytes(); ShiftRows(); AddRoundKey(); 4 x T-table (4 kb) 4 x T-table (4 kb) ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 10
11 Proposed Extension: sbox Instruction Perform SBOX lookup in a dedicated functional unit Operate on 8-bit subwords Source and destination byte are selectable -> ShiftRows included for free Useable for SubBytes, InvSubBytes and key expansion ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 11
12 Our Implementation (SPARC v8) Instruction format: sbox %rs1, imm, %rd Transform a byte from rs1 and write the result to a byte in rd Operation (SubBytes, InvSubBytes), source byte and destination byte controlled by immediate data (imm) rs1 imm destination byte source byte AES [Inv]SBOX encr/decr rd rd ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 12
13 SubBytes & ShiftRows (single column of State) Plain SPARCv8 ISA Use of Proposed AES Extenstion srl %c0, 24, %tmp0 ldub [%sbox + %tmp0], %tmp1 sll %tmp1, 24, %c0' srl %c1, 16, %tmp0 and %tmp0, 0xff, %tmp0 ldub [%sbox + %tmp0], %tmp1 sll %tmp1, 16, %tmp1 or %tmp1, %c0', %c0' srl %c2, 8, %tmp0 and %tmp0, 0xff, %tmp0 ldub [%sbox + %tmp0], %tmp1 sll %tmp1, 8, %tmp1 or %tmp1, %c0', %c0' sbox %c0, 0x100, %c0'! s0,0 -> s0,0' sbox %c1, 0x111, %c0'! s1,1 -> s1,0' sbox %c2, 0x122, %c0'! s2,2 -> s2,0' sbox %c3, 0x133, %c0'! s3,3 -> s3,0' and %c3, 0xff, %tmp0 ldub [%sbox + %tmp0], %tmp1 or %tmp1, %c0', %c0' ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 13
14 Advantages of sbox Instruction Small, easy to implement Flexible: Allows numerous implementation variants Removes dependency on memory/cache performance; minimizes cache pollution Minimize memory usage -> less energy intensive instructions Improve performance/throughput -> minimize energy / block ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 14
15 Influence of Cache Size on Performance Frequent lookups require data fetches from main memory If lookup tables are too big for the cache, values have to be overwritten and require re-loading Omission of lookup tables minimizes dependency on cache size ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 15
16 Cache Influence: AES Encryption Clock cycles T lookup 1 KB T lookup 4 KB T lookup 8 KB Only SBOX lookup SBOX instruction KB 2 KB 4 KB 8 KB 16 KB Cache size ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 16
17 Cache Influence: AES Decryption Clock cycles T lookup 1 KB T lookup 4 KB T lookup 8 KB Only SBOX lookup SBOX instruction 0 1 KB 2 KB 4 KB 8 KB 16 KB Cache size ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 17
18 Influence of Cache Size on Performance For cache sizes < 4 kb, performance of T-lookup implementations degrades significantly For AES encryption, T-lookup with 16 kb cache has same performance as AES with our proposed extension For AES decryption, performance of T-lookup becomes better at cache sizes > 4 kb Performance of AES with our extension is practically independent of cache size ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 18
19 Practical Results SPARC V8-compatible LEON-2 embedded processor implemented on FPGA board (Virtex-2) 1 additional instruction (integrated AES SBOX functional unit) Area overhead for extension < 1 kgate Critical path: Not extended in our implementation (clock speed stays > 40 Mhz on Virtex-2 FPGA) Cycle counter for exact timing measurements Two different AES-128 implementations: Columnoriented, Row-oriented ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 19
20 Precomputed Key Schedule AES-128 with precomputed key schedule (Execution time in clock cycles) Key expansion Encryption Decryption C with plain ISA 738 1,636 1,954 C with sbox instruction 646 1,139 1,554 Speedup 30.3 % 20.4 % ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 20
21 On-the-fly Key Expansion AES-128 with on-the-fly key expansion (Execution time in clock cycles) Encryption Decryption* C with plain ISA 2,254 2,433 C with sbox instruction 1,576 1,866 Speedup 30.0 % 23.3 % *Last roundkey supplied by caller ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 21
22 Supplement: High-Performance AES (on-the-fly) Whole AES-128 in assembly Full use of all available registers Use of ECC extensions to accelerate AES MixColumns transformation as proposed in [17] (Execution time in clock cycles) Encryption Decryption* C with plain ISA 2,254 2,433 ASM with sbox instruction & ECC ext Speedup 72.8 % 63.7 % *Last roundkey supplied by caller [17] S. Tillich and J. Großschädl. Accelerating AES using Instruction Set Extensions for Elliptic Curve Cryptography. In Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2005, vol of LNCS, pp Springer Verlag ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 22
23 Comparision with Related Work AES-128 (Execution time in clock cycles) Encryption Decryption* LEON-2 with AES co-processor [14] 1,494 N/A LEON-2 with AES co-processor [X1] 704 N/A Tensilica Xtensa with auto-ise [13] 1,400 1,400 Our work (C with sbox instruction) 1,139 1,554 Our work (ASM with sbox instruction & ECC ext.) *Last roundkey supplied by caller (where applicable) [14] P. Schaumont, K. Sakiyama, A. Hodjat, and I. Verbauwhede. Embedded software integration for coarse-grain reconfigurable systems. In Proceedings of the 18th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS 2004), pp IEEE Computer Society Press, [X1] A. Hodjat and I. Verbauwhede. Interfacing a High Speed Crypto Accelerator to an Embedded CPU. In Proceedings of the 38th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, pp , November [13] S. Ravi, A. Raghunathan, N. Potlapally, and M. Sankaradass. System design methodologies for a wireless security processing platform. In Proceedings of the 39th Design Automation Conference (DAC 2002), pp ACM Press, ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 23
24 Practical Results (cont'd) Performance gain for AES-192 and AES- 256 should be similar to AES-128 Code size shrinks up to 42.9% (lookup tables omitted, more compact code) Cache-based timing side-channel attacks become impossible ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 24
25 Conclusions Very cheap, easy-to-integrate extensions for 32-bit processors Performance gains up to 30% for AES encryption by using the sbox instruction AES performance becomes largely independent of memory and cache performance Compares well to co-processor and auto- ISE approaches ISE for Fast and Memory-Efficient AES 25
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