Outline. Computer Center, CS, NCTU. FreeBSD version. Installing FreeBSD. Build world and kernel. Software installation Appendix 8.

Transcription

1 FreeBSD

2 Outline FreeBSD version 8.1-RELEASE Installing FreeBSD From CD-ROM Build world and kernel Update source Rebuild world Rebuild kernel Software installation Appendix Csup 2

3 3

4 FreeBSD Version

5 FreeBSD Branches/Tags Three parallel development branches: -RELEASE Latest Release Version: -STABLE 8.1 (July, 2010) Tested new features and bug fixes MFC: Merge From Current -CURRENT Working space for FreeBSD developers Current version: 9.0-CURRENT 5

6 FreeBSD Version FreeBSD A.B.C Type A: major version Number B: minor version Number C: slight patch version number Type: version type PRERELEASE BETA RC RELEASE STABLE CURRENT Choosing the FreeBSD Version That Is Right For You: 6

7 FreeBSD Installation

8 FreeBSD View of Disk (1) FreeBSD Here!!! MBR Partition 1 Partition 2 Partition 3 Partition 4 Windows 7 (NTFS) Linux (EXT3FS) bsdlabel Label a Extended Partiton Label b Label c D-Disk NTFS Linux Swap Label d 8

9 FreeBSD View of Disk (2) What is the meaning of ad0s1a Disk name ad: da: IDE, SATA SCSI, usb stick Slice is equal to the partition of common use Primary partition: s1 ~ s4 Extended partition: s5 ~ sn Label in each slice a: root partition / b: swap c: entire slice defgh: /usr, /home, MBR Slice 1 (/dev/ad0s1) Slice 2 (/dev/ad0s2) Slice 3 (/dev/ad0s3) Slice 4 (/dev/ad0s4) Slice 5 (/dev/ad0s5) Slice 6 (/dev/ad0s6) 9

10 Installing FreeBSD Steps 1. Knowing your hardware 2. Obtaining installation file 3. Booting from CD/DVD/usb-stick 4. FreeBSD installer: sysinstall 1. Partition 2. Label 3. Distribution 4. Media 5. Commit 5. Post-installation configurations 10

11 Installing FreeBSD 1. Knowing Your Hardware CPU 32bit or 64bit Intel AMD Architecture: amd64, i386 (, ia64, pc98, powerpc, sparc64) RAM Size HD Size, amount, SCSI or IDE VGA Brand, ram size Sound Brand Network Interface Card Brand IP Netmask Default gateway Hostname DNS Other Special device pciconf -lv 11

12 Installing FreeBSD 2. Obtaining Installation File FreeBSD installation CD ftp://ftp.tw.freebsd.org/pub/iso-images-amd64/8.1/freebsd-8.1- RELEASE-amd64-bootonly.iso ftp://ftp.tw.freebsd.org/pub/iso-images-amd64/8.1/freebsd-8.1- RELEASE-amd64-disc1.iso ftp://ftp.tw.freebsd.org/pub/iso-images-amd64/8.1/freebsd-8.1- RELEASE-amd64-dvd1.iso.gz ftp://ftp.tw.freebsd.org/pub/iso-images-amd64/8.1/freebsd-8.1- RELEASE-amd64-memstick.img Burn CD, DVD, or USB! 12

13 Installing FreeBSD 3. Booting from CD (1) Computer Center, CS, NCTU 13

14 Installing FreeBSD 3. Booting from CD (2) Enter Computer Center, CS, NCTU 14

15 Installing FreeBSD 3. Booting from CD (3) Just use default or 15

16 Installing FreeBSD 3. Booting from CD (4) 這丟係愛台灣啦!!! 16

17 Installing FreeBSD 3. Booting from CD (5) Use USA ISO keymap because we don t have our keyboard layout 17

18 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer Being experts! 18

19 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Custom 5 major steps 3. Partition your disk 4. Label your disk 5. Choose what to install 6. Choose how to install 7. Do it! 19

20 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Partition (1) If you have more than one disk You can choose one to partition it. 20

21 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Partition (2) Create slice Press C to create a new slice / Press A to use entire disk 21

22 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Partition (3) Press S to toggle freebsd as bootable Press Q to next step (Select Boot Manager) 22

23 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Partition (4) Choose boot manager Standard BootMgr None Write to disk MBR Install a simple boot manager to disk MBR Leave it unchanged 23

24 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Label (1) BSDlabel Editor 24

25 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Label (2) Create label in ad0s1 and specify size Press C to create bsdlabel swap, / ( and /home, /var, ): size type mount point Press S to toggle SoftUpdates (async written to disk) 25

26 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Label (3) Press Q to next step (back to custom installation options menu) 26

27 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Distributions (1) Custom 27

28 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Distributions (2) Select base ; binary kernels ; Generic kernel supports SMP man ; Manual src ; FreeBSD Source Code ports ; FreeBSD Software Collection 28

29 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Distributions (3) 29

30 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Media Choose 1 CD/DVD if you have 8.1 Release CD disk 1 or DVD Choose 3 FTP Passive if your NIC is detected Choose 9 USB if you have 8.1 memstick usb stick 30

31 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Media (2) Install through FTP Passive Specify ftp server 31

32 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Media (3) Select NIC IPv6 and DHCP 32

33 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Media (4) Specify your IP information 33

34 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Commit (1) Last Chance! We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents! Don t forget backup! 34

35 Installing FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD Installer: Commit (2) Start to format disk and install operating system You can press Alt + F2 to see the install detail There is a shell start in Alt + F4 35

36 Installing FreeBSD 5. Post Installation Recommend you to do it! Root Password User and group management Time Zone Asia Taiwan Networking interfaces, sshd 36

37 Installing FreeBSD 5. Post Installation: Root Password 37

38 Installing FreeBSD 5. Post Installation: User Management (1) Create a group for users Create a user for yourself Least privilege 38

39 Installing FreeBSD 5. Post Installation: User Management (2) 39

40 Installing FreeBSD 5. Post Installation: User Management (3) 40

41 Installing FreeBSD 5. Post Installation: Time Zone 41

42 Installing FreeBSD 5. Post Installation: Networking (1) Interfaces 42

43 Installing FreeBSD 5. Post Installation: Networking (2) sshd 43

44 Installing FreeBSD 5. Post Installation: Done! Be sure to remove booting media. You would not want restart whole process again 44

45 FreeBSD Handbook Chapter 2 Installing FreeBSD Chinese resources

46 Build world and kernel

47 Build World and Kernel Update source /etc/make.conf make update Build world mergemaster p make buildworld Build and install kernel make buildkernel installkernel Install world make installworld mergemaster 47

48 Build World & Kernel Prepare make.conf (1) Example make.conf /usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf Everything add in make.conf is used every time you run make # cp /usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf /etc/ # chmod u+w /etc/make.conf Edit /etc/make.conf 48

49 Build World & Kernel Prepare make.conf (2) CPU optimization CPUTYPE?=core2 49

50 Build World & Kernel Prepare make.conf (3) Update source SUP_UPDATE= SUP= yes /usr/bin/csup SUPFLAGS= -g L 2 SUPHOST= SUPFILE= PORTSSUPFILE= cvsup.tw.freebsd.org /usr/share/examples/cvsup/standard-supfile /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile 50

51 Build World & Kernel Canonical steps The canonical steps to update system # cd /usr/src && make update # mergemaster -p (Pre-buildworld mode) # cd /usr/src && make -s buildworld # cd /usr/src && make -s kernel (buildkernel, installkernel) Reboot and boot in single user mode # mount -u / # cd /usr/src && make -s installworld # mergemaster (or mergemaster -UFi) # reboot See build(7), mergemaster(8) 51

52 Build World & Kernel make buildworld Build FreeBSD entire system % make s j 5 buildworld >& /var/log/world.log & make j n buildworld Spawn multiple (n) processes to do make. The compiling processes of make world is I/O bound. 52

53 Build World & Kernel make buildkernel (1) Why rebuild kernel? Faster boot time. Probe only necessary device Lower memory usage Smaller kernel image Additional hardware support. 53

54 Build World & Kernel make buildkernel (2) Edit kernel configuration file # cd /usr/src/sys/{i386,amd64}/conf GENERIC must have too much for your system # cp GENERIC YOUR_NAME We often use hostname to be YOUR_NAME Ex. # cp GENERIC SABSD edit config file Depend on your system Be attention to related options Following the explanation of 54

55 Build World & Kernel make buildkernel (3) Set KERNCONF in /etc/rc.conf KERNCONF= SABSD Build kernel # make -s buildkernel 55

56 Build World & Kernel make installkernel Install kernel # make -s installkernel make buildkernel && make installkernel = make buildkernel installkernel = make kernel 56

57 Build World & Kernel reboot into single user mode Boot in single user mode Press 4 Or # shutdown now For a running system, this will drop it to single user mode 57

58 Build World & Kernel make installworld Install the built world % make installworld 58

59 Build World & Kernel mergemaster mergemaster [ -UFi ] Synchronize /usr/src/etc with /etc Choose i for most case, such as /etc/defaults/rc.conf, Press enter for certain file, such as master.passwd, hosts, csh.* -U Attempt to auto upgrade files that have not been user modified. -F Install the new file if the files differ only by VCS Id. -i Automatically install any files that do not exist. 59

60 Reboot Reboot and enjoy it % reboot Check % uname ai Handbook Chapter 8 Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel Rebuilding world 60

61 If Something Goes Wrong (1) Possible errors in building new kernel Configuration file # cd /usr/src/sys/{i386,amd64}/conf/ Edit YOUR_NAME Build fail? Install fail? Kernel does not boot Boot with old kernel, recompile kernel Kernel works, but ps does not work Rebuild world 61

62 If Something Goes Wrong (2) Boot from old kernel 6. Escape to loader prompt OK boot /boot/kernel.old/kernel # cd /boot # cp -R kernel.old kernel.ok # rm -rf kernel # mv kernel.old kernel Handbook 8.7 If Something Goes Wrong 62

63 Play with Your FreeBSD Useful commands passwd, chsh, chfn, chpass ls ps, top mkdir/rmdir cp/mv/rm write Manual: man, info, etc. reader: mutt, etc. News reader: tin Connecting: ssh/telnet Editor: vim, joe, ee, etc. File Transmittion: ftp, ncftp, lftp, scp, wget, curl, etc. Compilers: gcc, g++, javac, etc. Scripting: perl, php, ruby, python etc. login/exit/logout/screen 63

64 Help Yourself man (1) man pages (manual) Contain descriptions of Individual command. % man cp File format. % man rc.local Library routines. % man strcpy 64

65 Help Yourself man (2) Command % man [section] title % man printf (printf command) % man 3 printf (C Standard printf func.) % man k exit (keyword search) Man pages organization AT&T BSD Contents 1 1 User-Level commands and applications %man man System calls and kernel error code 3 3 Library calls 4 5 Standard file format 5 7 Miscellaneous files and documents 6 6 Games and demonstrations 7 4 Device Drivers and network protocols 1m 8 System administration commands 9 9 Obscure kernel specs and interfaces

66 Conventions Syntax of commands: Anything between [ & ] are optional. Anything followed by can be repeated. {a b} you should choose one of them. Example: bork [-x] { on off } filename bork on /etc/hosts bork x off /etc/hosts /etc/passwd bork x /etc/hosts bork -h /etc/hosts X X 66

67 Software Installation

68 Using FreeBSD Ports (1) Using ports Steps of install software (1) Figure out the path to the software % cd /usr/ports % make search key=mutt % cd /usr/ports/chinese/mutt (2) Fetch and compile the source Uninstall % make install % make deinstall 68

69 Using FreeBSD Ports (2) Ports cd /usr/ports make search make install clean ports-mgmt/psearch make search ports-mgmt/portmaster Use portmaster chinese/mutt to install. 69

70 Installing Useful Tools Try to install some software, such as: vim: editors/vim mutt: chinese/mutt wget: ftp/wget screen: sysutils/screen 70

71 Appendix

72 FreeBSD source Maintained in a CVS repository in California The tool to get the latest FreeBSD source CSup We can use CSup keep our FreeBSD source up-to-date with any FreeBSD mirror sites Edit CSup supfile Update source using CSup Up-to-date your system Build world & kernel using the updated source. Install softwares. Upgrade softwares. 72

73 FreeBSD source CSup Configuration file (1) Example csup supfiles /usr/share/examples/cvsup/standard-supfile /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile Create your own supfiles Edit /usr/local/etc/src-supfile Edit /usr/local/etc/ports-supfile Edit /etc/make.conf to set your own supfiles 73

74 FreeBSD source CSup Configuration file (2) /usr/local/etc/src-supfile *default host=freebsd.cs.nctu.edu.tw *default base=/usr *default prefix=/usr *default delete use-rel-suffix *default compress *default release=cvs tag=releng_8_1 src-all Where to get source Where to put status file Where to put source Allow cvs to delete Compress before transmit host can be remained CHANGE_THIS.freebsd.org if you run make update, and you have SUPHOST in /etc/make.conf 74

75 FreeBSD source CSup Configuration file (3) CVS tags Branch Tags. RELENG_8 Release Tags RELENG_8_1 To refer to a specific point in time RELENG_8_1_0_RELEASE (FreeBSD-CURRENT) (FreeBSD 8.1-STABLE) (FreeBSD 8.1-RELEASE) 75

76 FreeBSD source CSup Configuration file (4) /usr/local/etc/ports-supfile *default host=freebsd.cs.nctu.edu.tw *default base=/usr *default prefix=/usr *default delete use-rel-suffix *default compress *default release=cvs tag=.. means the latest ports tree ports-all 76