SES123 Computer Methods Lab Procedures

Transcription

1 SES123 Computer Methods Lab Procedures Introduction Science and engineering commonly involve numerical calculations, graphs, photographic images, and various types of figures. In this lab, you will use programs commonly used by scientists and engineers to process data and images to explore problems and convey results of research. In this lab, you will employ four programs, some of which you may have experience. Adobe Photoshop is a widely used image-processing program. You will improve two types of planetary images: an Apollo 11 photograph taken from the lander and an image of a crater taken with an ASU camera that measures thermal infrared radiation. Adobe Illustrator is a widely used illustration program that uses a vector approach (points, lines, and areas) to create scientific and other illustrations. You will use Illustrator to produce a simplified map of the crater image you processed with Photoshop. Microsoft Word, which will be used to write a short description of the images you processed with Photoshop and Illustrator. Microsoft Excel is widely used to evaluate and plot data, whether from Earth or elsewhere in the Universe. You will use Excel to construct an HR diagram, plotting surface temperature versus luminosity. For this lab, you will save to the desktop any images and other files you create. This will allow you to save the versions and place them in a Word document that summarizes your results. Begin by visiting the following site, which contains your starting images: From this website, look for materials in the Computer Methods lab. The detailed step-by-step instructions on the following pages help you with the procedures to conduct image processing, creation of graphs and other figures, and place them into a report. As you read along on this PDF, imagine putting a check mark to indicate that you have completed an item in the lists below. Be sure to answer questions in the worksheet when instructed. 1

2 Part 1. Image Processing Using Photoshop There are many historical photographs taken from the first space missions, using old technology, such as film cameras. Reprocessing of these images can reveal additional information, such as a photograph taken from a window in the Apollo 11 Lunar landing module. It s a fine photo, with lots of contrast, but the darkness of space in the sky causes the foreground (the Lunar surface) to lack much detail. You will process this image to bring out detail on the Lunar surface. Follow the steps below. On the SES123 web page, find the link to the Apollo 11 image. Right-click the link and save the image to the desktop. Use the Start menu to open Adobe Photoshop and use the File/Open menu to browse to the desktop and open the Apollo image file. The image will look like the image shown here. From the Image/Adjustment menu, choose Brightness/Contrast, which has a slider for brightness and another one for contrast. You can also type in positive and negative numbers to increase or decrease, respectively, these values. Adjust the brightness and contrast until you can see more detail on the Lunar surface. Record your Brightness/Contrast settings on the worksheet. Choose Edit/Undo several times until you have brought the image back to its original state. From the Image/Adjustment menu, choose Levels, which will bring up a dialog window like the one shown here. The main display in this window is a histogram, showing the distribution of pixels of different brightness, with pure black on the left and pure white on the right. You will use three main adjustments. Drag the left slider to the right to change pixels that are dark gray to black if they fall left of the slider. Likewise, dragging the right slider to the left takes pixels that are very light gray and makes them white, if they are right of the slider. Moving the triangle in the middle of the histogram left or right adjusts the overall darkness of the image. Adjust these three sliders until you have enhanced the visibility of features on the Lunar surface. Record your Levels settings on the worksheet. Save this document to the desktop of your computer, giving it a descriptive name that also includes your last name(s). 2

3 On the SES123 web page, find the link to the Mars crater image. Right-click the link and save the image to the desktop. Use the Start menu to open Adobe Photoshop (if it is not still open) and use the File/Open menu to browse to the desktop and open the Mars crater image file. The image will look like the image shown here. The colors represent processing of thermal infrared frequencies, where blue and purple are emitting less thermal infrared (are cooler) and red shows higher emissions (warmer). The colors essentially represent how quickly each type of surface has cooled from the day before. From the Image/Adjustment menu, choose Levels, which will bring up the same dialog window you saw before. Instead of just adjusting the brightness of all the color channels (red, green, blue), you will adjust each channel individually. From the Levels dialog, choose each color successively from the Channels dropdown box. When adjusting a color, such as red, dragging the left slider to the right gets rid of some of that color, whereas dragging the right slider brings in more of that color. Dragging the center slider to the left likewise brings in more of that color. Just adjust each color individually to see how it change your perception of the image. On the worksheet, just check the box that says, I used levels. We just wanted you to know about this capability. This image shows a crater with a mound of material (ejecta) ejected during the formation of the crater. Use the Text tool (the capital T) on the tool bar on the left side to put a crater label on the crater and an ejecta label on the ejecta. On the worksheet, just check the box that says I labeled features in Photoshop. Part 2. Constructing a Simple Map with Illustrator For this part of the lab, you will use Adobe Illustrator to construct a simple geologic map of the thermal infrared image of the Martian crater. Use the Start menu to open Adobe Illustrator and use the File/Open menu to browse to the desktop and open the Mars crater image. Illustrator will open the image in the center of a page, called the artboard. Use the Zoom function in the lower-left corner (with the percentage sign) to zoom into the image to some number like 300 percent (depending on your monitor). In the lower right corner is a tool bar, one icon of which creates a new layer, as shown in the image to the right. Create a new layer. By default, it will put the new layer on top of the existing layer, which means the information put onto the new layer will overlay the layer beneath (the Mars layer). Illustrator will call it Layer 2. 3

4 In the upper-left corner is a tool bar on which is a tool to draw a curved line, as shown in the image to the right. The tool above this tool draws straight lines, and the tool below it creates labels. The line below the text tool draws a line, and the label below that draws a rectangle. You will use some of these later. For the Mars image, we would like to produce overlays that will highlight the crater versus the ejecta versus the surrounding Martian surface. Choose the curve tool and click a series of points around the outside of the ejecta to highlight it. As you do this, Illustrator will automatically know that you are trying to construct a polygon (a closed object with multiple sides) and fill the polygon with white, as shown in the image to the right. Draw the curve around the entire perimeter of the ejecta. Now, let s change the color of the overlay. From the Window menu, choose Swatches, which brings up the dialog box to the right. Click on the icon in the lowerleft corner, which brings up the library of swatches. Choose Default Swatches/Art and Illustration, which brings up a dialog box with various colors. Click on your polygon of the ejecta so that it is selected (has little handles around it). In the Swatches dialog box, click on the solid white square, which indicates that you are modifying the fill color. Then click on a color in the color dialog box. This should change the fill color of your polygon. Now, make the polygon more transparent so that you can see the features underneath. With the polygon selected, open the Window/Transparency dialog box. Use the slider to decrease the opacity of your polygon (make it partially transparent). Make another polygon for the crater. To do this, first create a new layer using the procedures described above. Outline the crater with a curved polygon. Change its color and its opacity. You ve now made your first geologic map. Congratulations! Note that the last object you draw is placed on top of the layers, so that it is visible but obscures any object in a lower layer. Now we need to put labels on the diagram. To put a label on, first make a new layer. Choose the text tool from the left tool bar and type the word Ejecta. Move the label so that it is over the ejecta. Make a similar label for the crater. You can change the color of the text using the color Swatches menu. Simply select the text and click on the preferred color. You can also click on the text until its handles are showing and move it into your preferred location. 4

5 Next, we want to label the rim of the crater. Create a label called Crater Rim and use the line tool below the text tool to draw a line from the rim to your label. You can change the color of the line, which may be invisible at first, by selecting the Stroke icon (the square with the smaller square inside it) on the main Swatches dialog box, and then clicking on a color in the color Swatch menu. If you need to reposition your line, select the line and drag one of the corners of the selection box. To change the width, choose Windows/Properties and under Appearance increase or decrease the weight using the controls for the Stroke. If you need to move your labels or your line, click in the center of the text box and move it. For lines, you typically do not want a color for the fill (the solid square in the main Swatch dialog), only a color for the Stroke. For text, you generally only want color for the fill, but not the Stroke. Choose File/SaveAs to save the Illustrator file with a unique name. Next, choose File/Export/ExportAs, and save as type jpeg. Give this file a unique name with the term export in its name. You will use this exported image (jpeg) in Part 3. Show your completed map to your instructor so that they can initial your worksheet. 5

6 Part 3. Writing an Illustrated Summary in Word For this part, you will insert your two images into a Microsoft Word document, which will be formatted using Word s Styles feature. Follow the steps below. From the Start menu, open Microsoft Word. Choose a Blank document. For this summary, you are going to use Word s Styles to format some heading and a small amount of text that you write about the images you have created. Begin by typing a title, such as Summary of Planetary Images or whatever you want. Make sure that you are on the Home tab, which Word will normally start with. On the Home tab, there are Styles, such as Normal, Heading 1, Heading 2, etc., as shown in the figure to the right. Click in the middle of your title and click Title square on the Styles tool bar. This will change your title to the currently set default for the Title style. Use the font dropdown box to change the font type (such as Arial or Times Roman), size of font (such as 24), and the color of the font (click the dropdown box by the A with the color under it). Once you have the font type, size, and color you want, right-click on the Title square and choose Update Title to Match Selection. The text in the Title square will now reflect your defaults for the Title style. Now we want to put a heading in for the Lunar surface image (the first one you worked on). Type the words Lunar Surface Image on a separate line below the main title. Click on the Heading 1 square, which will assign your new text to the Heading 1 style. Highlight your new text, and choose a different font, font size, and color than the title. Right-click on the Heading 1 square. Choose Update Heading 1 to Match Selection. Add a new line and type a sentence indicating that the image below is of the Lunar surface and how you adjusted the image. Click on Normal so that this text picks up the Normal style. Now, we need to create a table to drop the figure into. Putting a figure in a table will typically keep it from getting locked onto a particular position on the page, but instead will make sure it moves around with the text. Click on the Insert tab and insert a onecolumn two-row table. Click in the top cell within the table. From the Insert tab, choose Pictures, browse to your desktop, and insert your Lunar surface image. Click in the bottom cell of the table and write a one-sentence caption for that image. Add a second heading for your Mars crater map, exported from Illustrator. Type the text and click the Heading 1 square to apply that style to your new heading. Add a new line and type a sentence indicating that the map below is of a Mars crater. Click on Normal so that this text picks up the Normal style. Create a table to drop the figure into. Click on the Insert tab and insert a one-column tworow table. 6

7 Click in the top cell within the table. From the Insert tab, choose Pictures, browse to your desktop, and insert the jpeg of your Mars crater map. Click in the bottom cell of the table and write a one-sentence caption for that image. Save your document to the desktop with a unique name. Keep the file open and ask your instructor to look at your document and initial the box on the worksheet. Part 4. Using Excel to Construct an HR Diagram Microsoft Excel is a very commonly used tool to analyze scientific data. In this exercise, we will use data for the temperature and luminosity of stars to create an HR diagram in Excel. From the SES123 website, right-click on the link HR_date_v1.xlsx and download it to your desktop. Double-click on that file to open it in Excel. This data lists the name of the star, its temperature in Kelvin, its luminosity relative to the Sun, and a group designation (not used in this exercise). To graph this data, highlight the temperature and luminosity columns down to Star number 45. Click on the Insert tab and click on the charts icon (shown by the red arrow to the right), and choose the upper-left diagram, which is called Scatter. Excel will create a chart that does not look like a familiar HR diagram, because Excel displays the axes in its default mode. Right-click on the numbers in the horizontal axis, and then choose Format Axis. Choose Logarithmic Scale and Values in reverse order. This latter puts the higher temperatures to the left as is done in an HR diagram. Type in 1000 for the Minimum bounds and for the Maximum bounds. Right-click on the numbers in the vertical axis, and then choose Format Axis. Choose Logarithmic Scale. Excel will have likely put your horizontal axis labels in the middle of the graph. Choose Label Position/Low to move the horizontal axis to the bottom of the graph. Sometimes Excel gets the labels right on the axes and sometimes it doesn t, as it depends on how the data are set up in the spreadsheet. Select the chart and select the green + sign on the upper-right side of chart. Put a checkmark in Axis Titles. Click in the axis title and type in Temperature (Kelvin) for the horizontal axis and Luminosity for the vertical axis. Click on the title of the chart above the graph and type in HR Diagram. That s it. You re done. Save your document to the desktop with a unique name. Keep the file open and ask your instructor to look at your document and initial the box on the worksheet. 7