Semantic Web Technologies Trends and Research in Ontology-based Systems

Transcription

1 Semantic Web Technologies Trends and Research in Ontology-based Systems John Davies BT, UK Rudi Studer University of Karlsruhe, Germany Paul Warren BT, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

2 Contents Foreword xi 1. Introduction Semantic Web Technologies The Goal of the Semantic Web Ontologies and Ontology Languages Creating and Managing Ontologies Using Ontologies Applications Developing the Semantic Web 8 References 8 2. Knowledge Discovery for Ontology Construction Introduction Knowledge Discovery Ontology Definition Methodology for Semi-automatic Ontology Construction Ontology Learning Scenarios Using Knowledge Discovery for Ontology Learning Unsupervised Learning Semi-Supervised, Supervised, and Active Learning Stream Mining and Web Mining Focused Crawling Data Visualization Related Work on Ontology Construction Discussion and Conclusion 24 Acknowledgments 24 References Semantic Annotation and Human Language Technology Introduction Information Extraction: A Brief Introduction 31

3 vi CONTENTS Five Types of IE Entities Mentions Descriptions Relations Events Semantic Annotation What is Ontology-Based Information Extraction Applying 'Traditional' IE in Semantic Web Applications AeroDAML Amilcare MnM S-Cream Discussion Ontology-based IE Magpie Pankow SemTag Kim KIM Front-ends Deterministic Ontology Authoring using Controlled Language IE Conclusion 48 References Ontology Evolution Introduction Ontology Evolution: State-of-the-art Change Capturing Change Representation Semantics of Change Change Propagation Change Implementation Change Validation Logical Architecture Data-driven Ontology Changes Incremental Ontology Learning Usage-driven Ontology Changes Usage-driven Hierarchy Pruning Conclusion 68 References Reasoning With Inconsistent Ontologies: Framework, Prototype, and Experiment Introduction Brief Survey of Approaches to Reasoning with Inconsistency Paraconsistent Logics 73

4 CONTENTS vii Ontology Diagnosis Belief Revision Synthesis Brief Survey of Causes for Inconsistency in the Semantic Web Inconsistency by Mis-representation of Default Inconsistency Caused by Polysemy Inconsistency through Migration from Another Formalism Inconsistency Caused by Multiple Sources Reasoning with Inconsistent Ontologies Inconsistency Detection Formal Definitions Selection Functions Strategies for Selection Functions Syntactic Relevance-Based Selection Functions Prototype of Pion Implementation Experiments and Evaluation Future Experiments Discussion and Conclusions 91 Acknowledgment 92 References Ontology Mediation, Merging, and Aligning Introduction Approaches in Ontology Mediation Ontology Mismatches Ontology Mapping Ontology Alignment Ontology Merging Mapping and Querying Disparate Knowledge Bases Mapping Language A (Semi-)Automatic Process for Ontology Alignment OntoMap: an Ontology Mapping Tool Summary References Ontologies for Knowledge Management Introduction Ontology Usage Scenario Terminology Data Qualia Sorts of Data Ontologies as RDBMS Schema Topic-ontologies Versus Schema-ontologies Proton Ontology Design Rationales 126

5 viii CONTENTS Basic Structure Scope, Coverage, Compliance The Architecture of Proton Topics in Proton Proton Knowledge Management Module Conclusion 135 References Semantic Information Access Introduction Knowledge Access and the Semantic WEB Limitations of Current Search Technology Role of Semantic Technology Searching XML Searching RDF Exploiting Domain-specific Knowledge Searching for Semantic Web Resources Semantic Browsing Natural Language Generation from Ontologies Generation from Taxonomies Generation of Interactive Information Sheets Ontology Verbalisers Ontogeneration Ontosum and Miakt Summary Generators Device Independence: Information Anywhere Issues in Device Independence Device Independence Architectures and Technologies DIWAF SEKTAgent Concluding Remarks 166 References Ontology Engineering Methodologies Introduction The Methodology Focus Definition of Methodology for Ontologies Methodology Documentation Evaluation Past and Current Research Methodologies Ontology Engineering Tools Discussion and Open Issues Diligent Methodology Process Argumentation Support 183

6 CONTENTS ix 9.5. First Lessons Learned Conclusion and Next Steps 186 References Semantic Web Services - Approaches and Perspectives Semantic Web Services - A Short Overview The WSMO Approach The Conceptual Model - The Web Services Modeling Ontology (WSMO) The Language - The Web Service Modeling Language (WSML) The Execution Environment - The Web Service Modeling Execution Environment (WSMX) The OWL-S Approach OWL-S Service Profiles OWL-S Service Models The SWSF Approach The Semantic Web Services Ontology (SWSO) The Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL) The IRS-III Approach Principles Underlying IRS-III The IRS-III Architecture Extension to WSMO The WSDL-S Approach Aims and Principles Semantic Annotations Semantic Web Services Grounding: The Link Between SWS and Existing Web Services Standards General Grounding Uses and Issues Data Grounding Behavioural Grounding Conclusions and Outlook 232 References Applying Semantic Technology to a Digital Library Introduction Digital Libraries: The State-of-the-art Working Libraries Challenges The Research Environment A Case Study: The BT Digital Library The Starting Point Enhancing the Library with Semantic Technology The Users' View Implementing Semantic Technology in a Digital Library Ontology Engineering 250

7 CONTENTS BT Digital Library End-user Applications The BT Digital Library Architecture Deployment View of the BT Digital Library Future Directions 255 References Semantic Web: A Legal Case Study Introduction Profile of the Users Ontologies for Legal Knowledge Legal Ontologies: State of the Art Ontologies of Professional Knowledge: OPJK Benefits of Semantic Technology and Methodology Architecture Iuriservice Prototype Conclusions 278 References A Semantic Service-Oriented Architecture for the Telecommunications Industry Introduction Introduction to Service-oriented Architectures A Semantic Service-orientated architecture Semantic Mediation Data Mediation Process Mediation Standards and Ontologies in Telecommunications etom SID Adding Semantics Case Study Broadband Diagnostics The B2B Gateway Architecture Semantic B2B Integration Prototype Prototype Implementation Conclusion 298 References Conclusion and Outlook Management of Networked Ontologies Engineering of Networked Ontologies Contextualizing Ontologies Cross Media Resources Social Semantic Desktop Applications 307 Index 309