Giving instructions, conversing, manipulating and navigating (direct manipulation), exploring and browsing, proactive computing
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1 Looking Back Interaction styles Giving instructions, conversing, manipulating and navigating (direct manipulation), exploring and browsing, proactive computing Activity-based vs. object-oriented design Interface metaphors Prototyping Methods Low-fidelity vs. high-fidelity Horizontal vs. vertical Examples:» paper prototyping» Wizard-of-Oz technique Specifying interactive systems Informal, semi-formal, informal methods Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-1
2 6 Implementing Interactive Systems 6.1 Designing Look-And-Feel 6.2 Constraints 6.3 Mapping 6.4 Implementation Technologies for Interactive Systems 6.5 Standards and Guidelines Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-2
3 Design Analysis Realization Evaluation Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-3
4 Visual Design Visual Arts versus Visual Design Goal of the artist: to create an observable artefact that provokes an aesthetic response (kind of self-expression) Goal of the designer: to find the representation that is best suited to the communication of some specific information (oriented towards goals of other people) Graphic Design and Visual Interface Design Aesthetic concerns placed within the constraints of a functional framework Designers working on interfaces needs to understand» colour, typography, form, composition,» and interaction, behaviour Industrial Design and Interface Design New relationship coming up as more physical artefacts become softwareenabled Source: A. Cooper Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-4
5 Principles of Visual Design Avoid visual noise and clutter No superfluous elements that distract the user Use contrast, similarity and layering to distinguish and organize elements (visual patterns) Dimensional contrast (depth) Layering Figure and ground Provide visual structure and flow at each level of organization Use cohesive, consistent and contextually appropriate imagery Integrate style and function comprehensively and purposefully Form and function, branding Based on Mullet/Sano 1995 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-5
6 Pattern: Deep Background (Tidwell) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-6
7 Pattern: Few Hues, Many Values (Tidwell) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-7
8 Example: Layering Source: Tidwell Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-8
9 Example: Visual Flow Grid Group boxes Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-9
10 Good and Bad Logical Flow Eye movements match the logical path through The interface Everything is all over the place Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-10
11 Symmetry and Balance Symmetry gives interfaces a solid, stable look Balance of visual weights in asymmetric design Tidwell: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-11
12 6 Implementing Interactive Systems 6.1 Designing Look-And-Feel 6.2 Constraints 6.3 Mapping 6.4 Implementation Technologies for Interactive Systems 6.5 Standards and Guidelines Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-12
13 Constraints Physical constraints Basic physical limitations Semantic constraints Assumption to create something meaningful Cultural constraints Borders and context provided by cultural conventions Logical constraints Restrictions due to reasoning Applying constraints is a design decision! Practical way to realise the principle prevent errors GUI Example Date unconstrained Date constrained Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-13
14 Constraints & Redundancy Redundancy increases safety E.g. labels and physical constraints Constraints can only work at their own level But: things can go wrong elsewhere Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-14
15 Cultural Constraints Universal or culturally specific Arbitrary conventions that have been learned Users expectations build on cultural constraints :-) :-( ;-)? Hi there! :D :o 8-) :`-(! Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-15
16 Foreign Cultures: Example Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-16
17 Physical Constraints & Affordances Examples USB Memory Stick vs. DVD vs. money If there is more than one option (physically) cater for these cases Dials vs. Buttons vs. Sliders Dials are turned Buttons are pressed Sliders are pushed Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-17
18 6 Implementing Interactive Systems 6.1 Designing Look-And-Feel 6.2 Constraints 6.3 Mapping 6.4 Implementation Technologies for Interactive Systems 6.5 Standards and Guidelines Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-18
19 Mapping Relationship between controls and action Mappings should be Understandable (e.g. moving the mouse up move the slider up) Consistent Recognizable or at least quickly learnable and easy to recall Natural, meaning to be consistent with knowledge the user already has Example: Cooker For these issues see also Gestalt theory! Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-19
20 Mapping & Gulf of Execution Switch row on dashboard of a car: ISO 2575 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-20
21 Mapping and Usage Context Switch row on (cheap) travel alarm clock Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-21
22 Mapping Examples (1) Relationship between controls and action Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-22
23 Mapping Examples (2) Relationship between controls and action Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-23
24 Mapping Examples (3) Relationship between controls and action Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-24
25 Mapping Examples (4) Relationship between controls and action Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-25
26 Mapping Examples (5) Natural mappings can be found in many areas It is not always obvious what the natural mapping is Correlation with cultural constraints Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-26
27 6 Implementing Interactive Systems 6.1 Designing Look-And-Feel 6.2 Constraints 6.3 Mapping 6.4 Implementation Technologies for Interactive Systems 6.5 Standards and Guidelines Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-27
28 User Interface Toolkits Various forms: Libraries Frameworks (Visual) components (widgets) Dependencies on Programming language Development tool (in particular for visual components) Operating system Examples: Java AWT & Swing Microsoft MFC (C++, Windows) Windows Forms (C#, Windows) Qt (C++, Unix) Cocoa (MacOS) Visual C++ Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-28
29 Class Library vs. Framework Class library Framework Application-specific parts Pre-fabricated parts "Don't call us, we call you" A framework defines a stand-alone, executable basis for a class of applications. Framework: Application-specific code is called from pre-fabricated code. Class library: Application-specific code calls pre-fabricated code. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-29
30 User Interface Management System (UIMS) UIMS is a term used with a wide range of meanings: Conceptual architecture for the structure of an interactive system» Separating application logic and interface Techniques for implementing application and presentation» Providing the separation but preserving the intended connection Support techniques for managing a run-time interactive environment In the following: Focus on software architecture Advantages of presentation/application separation: Portability Reusability Multiple interfaces Customization of interface Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-30
31 Seeheim Model Developed at a workshop in Seeheim, Germany in 1985 Lexical Syntactic Semantic User Presentation component Dialog control Application interface model Application Bypass (for semantic feedback) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-31
32 Model-View-Controller (MVC) Paradigm for application structure developed within the Smalltalk programming environment (T.Reenskaug 1979) View View represents model User Controller Direct feedback Controller updates model Model Application Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-32
33 Scaling MVC to Large Interfaces What happens if an interface consists of many parts, organized hierarchically? Different levels of updates: Number of windows Number of interface elements Organization of interface elements: order, position Status of interface elements: label, icon, dimming Hierarchical MVC-style interface Need for a single point of control used for communication across hierarchy levels Seeheim-style central dialog control, but applied to separated aspect of interface: PAC Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-33
34 Presentation-Abstraction-Control (PAC) J. Coutaz 1987 Complete separation of presentation and application Input and output handled by single component Hierarchical structure of PAC components, multi-threaded User Presentation Abstraction Application Control PAC PAC PAC PAC PAC PAC PAC Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-34
35 6 Implementing Interactive Systems 6.1 Designing Look-And-Feel 6.2 Constraints 6.3 Mapping 6.4 Implementation Technologies for Interactive Systems 6.5 Standards and Guidelines Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-35
36 Standards (1) ISO 9241 Original title: Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) New title: Ergonomics of Human System Interaction Example: ISO 9241 Part 110 Dialogue Principles» Suitability for the task» Self-descriptiveness» Controllability» Conformity with user expectations» Error tolerance» Suitability for individualisation» Suitability for learning Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-36
37 Standards (2) ISO Human-centered development process See chapter 4 ISO Design principles for multimedia user interfaces ISO BITV Acessibility of human-computer interfaces Barrierefreie Informationstechnik-Verordnung BildscharbV Bildschirmarbeitsverordnung Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-37
38 Hix and Hartson s Guidelines (1) User centered design Know the user Involve the user Prevent user errors Optimize user operation Keep control with the user Help the user to get started Give a task-based mental model Be consistent Keep it simple Design for memory limitations Use recognition rather recall Use cognitive directness Draw on real world analogies Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-38
39 Hix and Hartson s Guidelines (2) Use informative feedback Give status indicators Use user-centred wording Use non-threatening wording Use specific constructive advice Make the system take the blame Do not anthropomorphise Use modes cautiously Make user action reversible Get attention judiciously Maintain display inertia Organize screen to manage complexity Accommodate individual difference (Hix and Hartson, Developing User Interfaces, Wiley, 1993) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-39
40 GNOME Guideline 1. Usability Principles Design for People Don't Limit Your User Base Accessibility Internationalization and Localization Create a Match Between Your Application and the Real World Make Your Application Consistent Keep the User Informed Keep It Simple and Pretty Put the User in Control Forgive the User Provide Direct Manipulation 2. Desktop Integration Placing Entries in the Applications Menu Menu Item Names 3. Windows Titles Layout Common Dialogs 4. Menus The Menubar Types of Menu Drop-down Menus Help 5. Toolbars Appearance and Content 6. Controls Sliders Buttons Check Boxes Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-40
41 Example 1: Apple Human Interface Guidelines (page 42) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-41
42 Example 2: Apple Human Interface Guidelines (page 55) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-42
43 Example 3: Apple Human Interface Guidelines (page 126 & 134) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-43
44 Example 4: Apple Human Interface Guidelines (page 138, 163 & 190) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-44
45 Example 5: Apple Human Interface Guidelines (page 207, 209 & 210) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-45
46 Specific Guidelines for Operating Systems, Window Managers, and the WWW Introduction to the Apple Human Interface Guidelines KDE User Interface Guidelines Palm OS User Interface Guidelines MSDN - User Interface Design and Development GNOME Human Interface Guidelines (V2.3) Web Guidelines and many others! Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-46
47 References B. Shneiderman: Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human- Computer Interaction, Third Edition A. Cooper: About Face 2.0. Chapter 1 and 19 ff. Alan Dix, Janet Finlay, Gregory Abowd and Russell Beale: Human-Computer Interaction (third edition), Prentice Hall 2003 D. A. Norman. The Design of Everyday Things. Basic Books Chapter 4. Jennifer Tidwell: Designing Interfaces - Patterns for Effective Interaction Design, O Reilly Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dr. Paul Holleis Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 6-47
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