Internet & WWW How to Program

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1 Page 1 of 24 Internet & WWW How to Program Chapter 2 Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 Vocabulary Repositories, aggregate, 2.2 Connecting to the Internet Bandwidth refers to the amount of data that can be transferred through a communications medium in a fixed amount of time. 2.4 Searching the Internet Search engines such as Google, Yahoo Altavista or HotBot store information in data repositories called database, which allow for quick retrieval of information. Other sides, such as Microsoft Network, use metasearch engines, which do not maintain database. Instead, they send the search criteria to other search engines and aggregate the results. 2.7 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ftp:// Chapter 3 Photoshop Elements Vocabulary Raster, marquee, lasso, toggling, dithering, interlacing, Chapter 4 Introduction to XHTML: Part First XHTML Example XHTML comments always start with <!-- and end with --> Titles usually appear in the title bar at the top of the browser window and also as the text identifying a

2 Page 2 of 24 page when users add the page to their list of Favorites or Bookmarks. Search engines also use the title for cataloging purposes. 4.4 W3C XHTML Validation Service Validator.w3.org for checking a documentâ s syntax. Documents can be validated from either a URL that specifies the location of the file or by uploading a file to the site Validator.w3.org/file-upload.html. 4.5 Headers XHTML provides six headers, called header elements. <h1> to <h6> 4.6 Linking <p><a href = â œ >Deitel</a></p> <a href = â œmailto: deitel@deitel.comâ >deitel@deitel.com</a> 4.7 Images <img src = â œxmlhtp.jpgâ height = â œ238â width = â œ183â alt = â œxml How to Program book coverâ /> Tip: including the width and height attributes in an <img> tag can result in the browser loading and rendering pages faster. Using images as huyperlinks: <a href = â œlinks.htmlâ ><img src = â œbuttons/link.jpgâ width = â œ65â height = â œ50â alt = â œlinks Pagesâ /> 4.8 Special Characters and More Line Breaks Using the special character < for the less-than symbol. &copy &amp for & &frac14 for? Sup Sub

3 Page 3 of 24 < del > for a strike-through text. <hr /> 4.9 Unordered Lists <ul> <li>(list item) 4.10 Nested and Ordered Lists <ol> <ol type = â œiâ > or type = â œaâ Unordered list items may be explicitly set to discs, circles or squares by setting the ul elementâ s type attribute to â œdiscâ, â œcircleâ or squareâ, respectively. Chapter 5 Introduction to XHTML: Part Basic XHTML Tables <table border = â œ1â width = â œ40%â summary = â œthis table provides information about the price of fruitâ > Attribute summary dexcribes the tableâ s contents. This attribute to make the table more accessible to users with visual impairments. <caption><strong>price of Fruit</strong></caption> The caption element describes the tableâ s content and helps text based browsers interpret the table data. <thead> <tbody> <tfoot> 5.3 Intermediate XHTML Tables and Formatting <colgroup> <col align = â œrightâ span = â œ1â /> </colgroup> <rowspan>, <colspan>

4 Page 4 of 24 Attribute valign, which aligns data vertically and may be assigned one of four values â â œtopâ, â œmiddleâ, â œbottomâ or â œbaselineâ which ignores the fonts used for the row data and sets the bottom of all text in the row on a common baseline. 5.4 Basic XHTML Forms <form method = â œpostâ action = â œ/cgi-bin/formmailâ > <p> <input type = â œhiddenâ name = â œrecipientâ Value = deitel@deitel.com /> <input type = â œhiddenâ name = â œsubjectâ Value = â œfeedback Formâ /> <input type = â œhiddenâ name = â œredirectâ Value = â œmain.htmlâ /> </p> <p><label>name: <input name = â œnameâ type = â œtextâ size = â œ25â Maxlength = â œ30â /> </label></p> <p> <input type = â œsubmitâ value = â œsubmit Your Entriesâ /> <input type = â œresetâ value = â œclear Your Entriesâ /> </p> </form> Method = â œpostâ appends form data to the browser request, which contains the protocol (HTTP) and the requested resourceâ s URL. The other possible value, method = â œgetâ appends the form data directly to the end of the URL. For example, the URL/cgi-bin/formmail might have the form information name = bob appended to it. The three hidden inputs are: an address to which the data will be sent, the â s subject line and a URL where the browser will be redirected after submitting the form. 5.5 More Complex XHTML Forms Textarea: <p><label> Comments: <br /> <textarea name = â œcommentsâ rows = â œ4â cols = â œ36â > Enter your comments here. </textarea> </label></p> <input name = â œ â type = â œpasswordâ size = â œ25â /> <label>site design <input name = â œthingslikedâ type = â œcheckboxâ value = â œdesignâ /> </label>

5 Page 5 of 24 When your form has several checkboxes with the same name, you must make sure that they have different values. Radio buttons are similar to checkboxes, except that only one radio button in a group of radio buttons may be selected at any time. All radio buttons in a group have the same name attributes and are distinguished by their different value attributes. <input name = â œhowtositeâ type = â œradioâ value = â œsearch engineâ checked = â œcheckedâ /> <select name = â œratingâ > <option selected = â œselectedâ >Amazing</option> <option>10</option> <option>9</option> : : 5.6 Internal Linking <p><a href = â œ#ceosâ >Go to <em>favorite CEOs</em></a></p> : : <p><a name = â œceosâ ></a></p> A hyperlink can specify an internal link in another document by specifying the document name followed by a pound sign and the named anchor as in: Href = â œpage.html#nameâ 5.7 Creating and Using Image Maps <map id = â œpictureâ > <area href = â œform.htmlâ shape = â œrectâ cords = â œ2,123,54,143â alt = â œgo to the feedback formâ /> <area shape = â œpolyâ alt = â œ the Deitelsâ cords = â œ162,25,154,39,158,54,169,51,183,39,161,26â Href = â œmailto:deitel@deitel.comâ /> <area shape = â œcircleâ </map> <img src = â œdeitel.gifâ width = â œ200â height = â œ144â alt = â œdeitel logoâ usemap = â œ#pictureâ /> 5.8 meta Elements Used for search engines.

6 Page 6 of 24 Two important attributes of the meta element are name and content. <head> <meta name = â œkeywordsâ content = â œweb page, design, XHTML, helpâ /> <meta name = â œdescriptionâ content = â œthis web site will help you learn the basics of XHTML.â /> </head> 5.9 frameset Element <frameset cols = â œ110, *â > <frame name = â œleftframeâ src = â œnav.htmlâ /> <frame name = â œmainâ src = â œmain.htmlâ /> <noframes></noframes> </frameset> A targe can be set to a number of present values: "_blank" loads the page into a new browser window. "_self" loads the page into the frame in which the anchor element appears and "_top" loads the page into the full browser window Nested framesets <frameset rows = "175, *"> Chapter 6: Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 6.2 Inline Styles style <p style = "font-size: 20pt; color: #0000ff"> 6.3 Embedded Style Sheets in an XHTML document's head section. <head> <style type = "text/css"> em {background-color: #8000ff; color: white h1 {font-family: arial, sans-serif p {font-size: 14pt.special {color: blue </style> </head> <body> <h1 class = "special">deitel</h1>

7 Page 7 of 24 </body> Css rules in embedded style sheets use the same syntax as inline styles: the property name is followed by a colon(:) and the value of that property. Multiple properties are separated by semilcolons(;). Relative values -- xx-small, x-small, small, smaller, medium, large, larger, x-large and xx-large. if a relative font size is specified, such as large or larger, the actual size will be determined by the browser that displays the font. 6.4 Conflicting Styles <head> <style type = "text/css"> a.nodec {text-decoration: none a:hover {text-decoration: underline; color: red; background-color: #ccffcc li em {color: red; font-weight: bold ul ul {text-decoration: underline; margin-left: 15px </style> </head> Other possible values for text-decoration include blink, overline,line-through and underline. li, em {color: red; font-weight: bold A plxel is a relative-length measurement--it varies in size, based on screen resolution. Other relative lengths are em, ex. To set an element to display text at 150% of its default text size, the author could use the syntax: font-size: 1.5em absolute-length measurements: in(inches, cm(centimeters), mm(millimeters), pt(points; 1pt = 1/72 in) and pc(picas--1pc = 12pt). 6.5 Linking External Style Sheets file name: styles.css another html file: code: <head> <link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href = "styles.css" /> </head> 6.6 W3C CSS Validation Service jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator

8 Page 8 of Positioning Elements The z-index attribute allows you to layer overlapping elements properly. Elements that have higher z-index values are displayed in front of elements with lower z-index values. Code: <p><img src = "i.gif" style = "position: absolue; top: opx; left: opx; z-index: 1" alt = "First positioned image" /></p> <p style = "position: absolute: top: 50px; left: 50px; z-index: 3; font-size: 20pt;">Positioned Text</p> Setting the position property to relative, as in class super, lays out the element on the page and offsets the element by the specified top, bottom, left or right values. Code: span {color: red; font-size:.6em; height: 1em.super {position: relative; top: -1ex.shiftleft {position: relative; left: -1ex Element span is a grouping element -- it does not apply any inherent formatting to its contents. Its primary purpose is to apply CSS rules or id attributes to a block of text. Element span is an inline-level element -- it is displayed inline with other text and with no line breaks. As similar element is the div element, which also applies no inherent styles but is displayed on its own line, with margins above and below (a block-level element). 6.8 Backgrounds Code: <style type = "text/css"> body { background-image: url(logo.gif); background-position: bottom right; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: fixed; p { text-indent: 1em; font-family: arial, sans-serif;.dark { font-weight: bold; </style> <body> <P> This example uses <span class = "dark">deitel...</span>logo in... </p> </body> The background-image The background-position property controls the image on the page. The keywords top,

9 Page 9 of 24 bottom, center, left and right are used individually or in combination for vertical and horizontal positioning. Positioned at 50% of the distance across the screen) and 30 pixels from the top, use background-position: 50% 30px; The background-repeat property can be set to repeat (the default) to tile the image vertically and horizontally, repeat-x to tile the image only horizontally or repeat-y to tile the image only vertically. The background-attachment: fixed, fixes the image in the position specified by background-position. Scolling the browser window will not move the image from its position. The default value, scroll, moves the image as the user scrolls through the document. 6.9 Element Dimensions div { background-color: #ffccff; margin-bottom:.5em <div style = "width: 80%; height: 30%; overflow: scroll; text-align: center"> 6.10 Text Flow and the Box Model div = "float: right; margin:.5em; text-align: right"> div = "float: right; padding;.5am; text-align: right"> The margin specifies the distance between the edge of the element and any other element on the page. When the browser renders elements using the box model, the content of each element is surrounded by padding, a border and a margin. Margins for individual sides of an element can be specified by using margin-top, marginright, margin-left and margin-bottom. Padding is the distance between the content inside an element and the element's border. Like the margin, the padding can be set for each side of the box, with padding-top, padding-right, padding-left and padding-bottom. You can interrupt the flow of text around a floaed element by setting the clear property to the same direction as that in which the element is floated -- right or left. Setting the clear property to all interrupts the flow on both sides of the document. <span style = "clear: right"> Other style: This text has a border This text has a border This text has a border A thin red line...

10 Page 10 of 24 And a thicker blue line In this example, we set three properties -- border-width, border-color and border-style. The border-width property may be set to any of the CSS lengths or to the predefined values of thin, medium or thick. The border-color property sets the color. As with padding and margins, each of the border properties may be set for individual sides of the box (e.g., border-top-style or border-left-color). The border-styles are none, hidden, dotted, dashed, solid, double, groove, ridge, inset and outset. Borders groove and ridge have opposite effects, as do inset and outset User Style Sheets relative measurements: em or ex absolue measurements such as pt Chapter 7 JavaScript: Introduction to Scripting Vocabulary carriage return, magenta, facilitates, arithmetic 7.2 Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text in a Web Page <head> <script type = "text/javascript"> <!-- document.writeln( "<h1>welcome to JavaScript Programming!</h1>" ); // --> </script> </head> See the web JavaScript is case sensitive. write writeln: after a writeln statement, the next output appears on the next line. The backslash (/) in a string is an escape character. We use this escape sequence to insert double quotes around the attribute value for style. document.write( "<h1 style = \"color; magenta\">" ); document.write( "Welcome to Java Script " + "Programming!</h1>" );

11 Page 11 of 24 See the web window.alert ("Welcome to \njavascript\nprogramming!" ); See the web \n \t \r \\ \" \' 7.3 Another JavaScript Program: Adding Integers The script uses anotehr predefined dialog box from the window object, one called a prompt dialog. that allows the user to input a value form use in the script. var firstnumber, secondnumber, number1, number2, sum; firstnumber = window.prompt( "Enter first integer", "0" ); secondnumber = window.prompt( "Enter second integer", "0" ); number1 = parseint (firstnumber); number2 = parseint (secondnumber); sum = number1 + number2; document.writeln ("<h1>the sum is " + sum + "</h1>" ); Show the example Some valid identifiers are Welcome, $value, _value, m_inputfield1 and button7. The name 7button is not a valid identifier, because it begins with a digit, and the name input field is not a valid identifier, because it contains a space. Another comment notation facilitates the writing of multiple_line comments. For example, /* This is a multiple-line comment */ 7.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators var first, second, number1, number2; first = window.prompt("enter first integer:", "0");

12 Page 12 of 24 second = window.prompt("enter second integer:","0"); number1 = parseint(first); number2 = parseint(second); document.writeln("<h1>comparison Results</h1>"); document.writeln( "<table border=\"1\" width = \"100%\" ID="Table1">"); if (number1 == number2) document.writeln("<tr><td>" + number1 + " == " + number2 + "</td></tr>"); if (number1!= number2) document.writeln("<tr><td>" + number1 + "!= " + number2 + "</td></tr>"); if (number1 < number2) document.writeln("<tr><td>" + number1 + " < " + number2 + "</td></tr>"); if (number1 > number2) document.writeln("<tr><td>" + number1 + " > " + number2 + "</td></tr>"); if (number1 <= number2) document.writeln("<tr><td>" + number1 + " < = " + number2 + "</td></tr>"); if (number1 >= number2) document.writeln("<tr><td>" + number1 + " > = " + number2 + "</td></tr>"); document.writeln("</table>"); Show the example 7.7 JavaScript Internet and World Wide Web Resources Some resources for JavaScript programming: msdn.microsoft.com/scripting/default.htm Chapter 8 JavaScript: Control Structures I Vocabulary pajamas, sentinel, 8.6 if/else Selection Structure

13 Page 13 of 24 JavaScript provides an operator, call the conditional operator (?:), that is closely related to the if/else structure. document.writeln ( studentgrade >= 60? "Passed" : "Failed" ); 8.8 Formulating Algorithms: Case Study1 (Counter-Controlled Repetition) a class of ten students took a quiz. The grades (integers in the range 0 to 100) for this quiz are available to you. Determine the class average on the quiz. <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- var total, gradecounter, gradevalue, average, grade; total = 0; gradecounter = 1; while (gradecounter <= 10) { grade = window.prompt("enter integer grade:"+ "(number " + gradecounter + ")", "0" ); gradevalue = parseint( grade ); total = total + gradevalue; gradecounter = gradecounter + 1; average = total / 10; document.writeln( "<h1>class average is " + average + "</h1>" ); //--> </script> Show the example 8.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 2 (sentinel-controlled Repetition) Develop a class-averaging program that will process an arbitrary number of grades each time the program is run. <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- var total,

14 Page 14 of 24 gradecounter, gradevalue, average, grade; total = 0; gradecounter = 0; grade = window.prompt("enter integer grade "+ "(number " + gradecounter + "):", "0" ); gradevalue = parseint( grade ); while (gradecounter <= 10) { total = total + gradevalue; gradecounter = gradecounter + 1; grade = window.prompt("enter integer grade:"+ "(number " + gradecounter + ")", "0" ); gradevalue = parseint( grade ); if (gradecounter!= 0) { average = total / gradecounter; document.writeln( "<h1>class average is " + average + "</h1>" ); else document.writeln( "<p>no grades were entered</p>" ); //--> </script> Show the example 8.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 3 (Nested Control Structures) <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- var passes = 0, failures = 0, student = 1, result; while (student < =10) { result = window.prompt( "Enter result (1=pass, 2=fail)", "0"); if (result == "1") passes = passes +1; else failures = failures +1;

15 Page 15 of 24 student = student +1; document.writeln("<h1>examination Results</h1>"); document.writeln( "Passed: " + passes + "<br />Failed: " + failures ); if (passes > 8) document.writeln( " Raise Tuition" ); //--> </script> 8.12 Increment and Decrement Operators var c; c = 5 document.writeln ("<h3>postincrementing</h3>" ); document.writeln (c); //print 5 document.writeln(c++); //print 5 document.writeln(c); //print 6 c = 5 document.writeln ("<h3>preincrementing</h3>" ); document.writeln (c); //print 5 document.writeln(++c); //print 6 document.writeln(c); //print JavaScript Internet and World Wide Web Resources Some resources for JavaScript programming: developer.netscape.com/tech/javascript Chapter 9 JavaScript: Control Structures II Vocabulary oracle, alter, 9.4 Examples Using the for Structure var amount, deposit, interest, principal, rate; deposit = window.prompt("deposit amount: ", "1000"); interest = window.prompt("interest is: (as 0.05)", "0.05");

16 Page 16 of 24 principal = parseint(deposit); rate = parsefloat(interest); document.writeln( "<table border = \"1\" width = \"100%\" ID="Table1">"); document.writeln( "<caption>calculating Compound Interest</caption>"); document.writeln( "<thead><tr><th align = \"left\">year</th>" ); document.writeln( "<th align = \"left\">amount on deposit</th>"); document.writeln( "</tr></thead>"); for (var year=1; year<=10; ++year) { amount= principal * Math.pow(1.0+rate,year); document.writeln("<tbody><tr><td>" + year + "</td><td>" + Math.round(amount*100)/100 + "</td></tr>"); document.writeln("</tbody></table>"); Show the example 9.5 switch Multiple-Selection Structure <script type = "text/javascript"> <!-- var choice, starttag, endtag, validinput = true, listtype; choice = window.prompt( "Select a list style:\n" + "1(bullet), 2(numbered, 3(lettered)", "1"); switch (choice) { case "1": starttag = "<ul>"; endtag = "</ul>"; listtype = "<h1>bullet List</h1>"; break; case "2": starttag = "<ol>"; endtag = "</ol>"; listtype = "<h1>ordered List: Numbered</h1>"; break; case "3": starttag = "<ol type = \"A\">"; endtag = "</ol>"; listtype = "<h1>ordered List: Lettered</h1>"; break; default: validinput = false;

17 Page 17 of 24 if (validinput == true) { document.writeln(listtype + starttag); for (var i = 1; i<=3; ++i) document.writeln("<li>list item " + i + "</li>"); document.writeln(endtag); else document.writeln("invalid choice: " + choice ); // --> </script> Show the example 9.7 break and continue Statements for (var count = 1; count <= 10; ++count ) { if (count == 5) continue; //skip remaining code in loop only if count == 5 document.writeln ("Count is: " + count + "<br />" ); the resoult will be: Count is: 1 Count is: 2 Count is: 3 Count is: 4 Count is: 6 Count is: 7 Count is: 8 Count is: 9 Count is: Labeled break and continue Statements stop: { for (...){ for (...){ if (...) break stop; // jump to end of stop block document.write("*"); document.writeln("end of script"); nextrow: { for (...){ for (...){

18 Page 18 of 24 if (...) continue nextrow; // next iteration of labeled loop document.write("*"); document.writeln("end of script"); Chapter 10 JavaScript: JavaScript: Functions Vocabulary, 10.4 Function Definitions The format of a function definition is function function-name( parameter-list ) { declarations and statements Example: function square( y ) { return y * y; function maximum (x, y, z) { return Math.max(x, Math.max( y, z )); 10.5 Random-Number Generation 0.0 <= Math.radom() < 1.0 value = Math.floor( 1 + Math.random() * 6 ); 10.6 Example: Game of Chance A player rolls two dice. Each die has six faces. These faces contain 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 spots, respectively. After the dice have come to rest, the sum of the spots on the two upward faces is calculated. If the sum is 7 or 11 on the first throw, the player wins. If the sum is 2, 3 or 12 on the first throw (called "craps"), the player loses (i.e., the "house" wins). If the sum is 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 or 10 on the first throw, that sum becomes the player's "point". To win, you must continue rolling the dice until you "make your point" (i.e., roll your point value). The player loses by rolling a 7 before making the point.

19 Page 19 of 24 Show the example 10.8 Scope Rules Ientifiers declared inside a function have function (or local scope. Show the example 10.9 JavaScript Global Functions escape, eval, isfinite, isnan, ParseFloat, ParseInt, unescape Recursion Show the example Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series Show the example Recursion vs. Iteration Both iteration and recursion can occur infinitely. Recursion has many negatives. Being expensive in terms of both processor time and memory space JavaScript Internet and World Wide Web Resources rummelplatz.uni-mannheim.de/~skoch/js/tutorial.htm Chapter 11 JavaScript: Arrays Vocabulary, 11.2 Arrays if we assume that variable a is equal to 5 and that variable b is equal to 6, then the statement c[a + b] += 2; adds 2 to array element c[11]. The length of array c is 12 ans is determined by the following expression:

20 Page 20 of 24 c.length 11.3 Declaring and Allocating Arrays To allocate 12 elements for integer array c, use the statement var c = new Array( 12 ); 11.4 Examples Using Arrays There are two ways in which the initial values can be specified. var n = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]; or var n = new Array(10, 20, 30, 40, 50); var colors = new Array( "cyan", "magenta", "yellow", "black" ); 11.5 References and Reference Parameters Two ways to pass arguments to functions (or methods) in many programming languages are call-by-value and call-by-reference. Passing arrays by reference make sense for performance reasons Passing Arrays to Functions For example: var hourlytemperatures = new Array ( 24 ); then the function call modifyarray ( hourlytemperatures ); In JavaScript, every array object "knows" its own size (via the length attribute). Thus, when we pass an array object into a function, we do not pass the size of the array separately as an argument. Array method join creates a string containing all the elements in the Array. Method join takes as its argument a string containing the separator that should be used to separate the elements of the array in the string that is returned. If the argument is not specified, the empty string is used as the separator. function start() { var a = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]; document.writeln( â œ<h2>effects of passing entire â œ + â œarray call-by-reference</h2>â ); outputarray( â œthe values of the original array are: â œ, a ); modifyarray( a );

21 Page 21 of 24 outputarray ( â œthe values of the modified array are: â œ, a ); //the above function call will modify the array document.writeln( â œ<h2>effects of passing array â œ + â œelement call-by-value</h2>â + â œa[3] before modifyelement: â œ + a[3] ); modifyelement ( a[ 3 ] ); document.writeln( â œ<br />a[3] after modifyelement: â œ + a[3] ); //the value doesn't change. function outputarray( header, thearray ) { document.writeln( header + thearray.join( â œ â œ ) + â œ<br />â ); function modifyarray( thearray ) { for ( var j in thearray ) thearray[ j ] *= 2; function modifyelement( e ) { e *= 2; document.writeln( â œ<br />value in modifyelement: â œ + e ); thearray.join( " " ) for ( var j in thearray ) thearray[ j ] *= 2; 11.7 Sorting Arrays var a = [ 10, 1, 8, 8, 3, 5, 4 ] a.sort( compareintegers ); //sort is a built-in method function compareintegers ( value1, value2 ) { return parseint( value1 ) - parseint( value2 ); //it's in ascending order.

22 Page 22 of Searching Arrays: Linear Search and Binary Search 11.9 Multiple-Subscripted Arrays var b = [ [ 1, 2 ], [ 3, 4 ] ]; A multiple-subscripted array in which each row has a different number of columns can be allocated dynamically as follows: var b; b = new Array ( 2 ); b[ 0 ] = new Array( 5 ); b[ 1 ] = new Array( 3 ); var total = 0; for ( var row in a ) for ( var col in a [ row ] ) total += a[ row ][ col ]; Appendix G Unicode Vocabulary Consortium, glyphs, misrepresentation, adaptation, cumbersome, facilitate, envision, unambiguous, encompass, hexadecimal, predominance, surrogate, alphabetic, numerals, punctuation, ideographs, syllabaries, diacritics, tilde, disparate, hindrance, linguistics, Armenian, Kannada, exclamation mark, Hiragana, Website: UTF-8 data consists of 8-bit bytes (sequences of one, two three or four bytes depending on the character being encoded) and is well suited for ASCII-base systems when there is a predominance of one-byte characters (ASCII represents characters as one-byte) UTF-8 is a variable width encoding form that is more compact for text involving mostly Latin characters and ASCII punctuation. UTF-16 is the default encoding form of the Unicode Standard. It is a variable width encoding form that uses 16-bit code units instead of bytes. Most characters are represented by a single unit, but some characters require surrogate pairs. UTF-32 is a 32-bit encoding form. The major advantage of the fixed-width encoding form is that it uniformly expresses all characters, so that they are easy to handle in arrays and so forth. Index

23 Page 23 of 24 C CGI: Common Gateway Interface CSS: Cascading Style Sheets D DBCS: double-byte character set DSL: digital subscriber line H HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol I ICW: internet connection wizard ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network J JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group M MBCS: multi-byte character set P PDF: portable document format PNG: Portable Network Graphics T TA: terminal adaptor U URL: Uniform Resource Locator UTFP: Unicode transformation formats X XHTML: Extensible Hypertext Markup Language

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