CSCI 447 Operating Systems Filip Jagodzinski
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1 Filip Jagodzinski
2 Norms Q1: Num Programs written Q2: Semaphores provide a get() function Q3: Dream Job : computer penetration tester, security, democratic electoral system design, machine learning for NASA, work for streaming company, game programming, peel screen protectors off of phones, SpaceX, Q4: Why taking class Q5: Use of computer prior to age 6?
3 Norms Average : Q1: Num Programs written : Average excluding 2 outliers : 9 Q2: Semaphores provide a get() function Q3: Dream Job : computer penetration tester, security, democratic electoral system design, machine learning for NASA, work for streaming company, game programming, peel screen protectors off of phones, SpaceX, Q4: Why taking class Q5: Use of computer prior to age 6?
4 Norms Average : Q1: Num Programs written : Average excluding 2 outliers : 9 Q2: Semaphores provide a get() function : True : 8, False : 10, Unsure : 19 Q3: Dream Job : computer penetration tester, security, democratic electoral system design, machine learning for NASA, work for streaming company, game programming, peel screen protectors off of phones, SpaceX, Q4: Why taking class Q5: Use of computer prior to age 6?
5 Norms Average : Q1: Num Programs written : Average excluding 2 outliers : 9 Q2: Semaphores provide a get() function : True : 8, False : 10, Unsure : 19 Q3: Dream Job : computer penetration tester, security, democratic electoral system design, machine learning for NASA, work for streaming company, game programming, peel screen protectors off of phones, SpaceX, Q4: Why taking class Q5: Use of computer prior to age 6?
6 Norms Average : Q1: Num Programs written : Average excluding 2 outliers : 9 Q2: Semaphores provide a get() function : True : 8, False : 10, Unsure : 19 Q3: Dream Job : computer penetration tester, security, democratic electoral system design, machine learning for NASA, work for streaming company, game programming, peel screen protectors off of phones, SpaceX, Q4: Why taking class Q5: Use of computer prior to age 6?
7 Norms Average : Q1: Num Programs written : Average excluding 2 outliers : 9 Q2: Semaphores provide a get() function : True : 8, False : 10, Unsure : 19 Q3: Dream Job : computer penetration tester, security, democratic electoral system design, machine learning for NASA, work for streaming company, game programming, peel screen protectors off of phones, SpaceX, Q4: Why taking class : required, further understanding of arch., to learn Q5: Use of computer prior to age 6?
8 Norms Average : Q1: Num Programs written : Average excluding 2 outliers : 9 Q2: Semaphores provide a get() function : True : 8, False : 10, Unsure : 19 Q3: Dream Job : computer penetration tester, security, democratic electoral system design, machine learning for NASA, work for streaming company, game programming, peel screen protectors off of phones, SpaceX, Q4: Why taking class : required, further understanding of arch., to learn Q5: Use of computer prior to age 6? Yes : 17, No : 20
9 Norms gcc o myprogram someprog.c makefile git checkout b version1.3
10 Norms -o refers to output, not object gcc o myprogram someprog.c makefile git checkout b version1.3 Only a few of you used the word target Only 3 people knew what b refers to
11 Norms Average : 8.7 Q1: Num Programs written : What is the point in me asking these questions? Agreement : Q2: Semaphores provide a get() function : True : 10, False : 4, Unsure : 7 Q3: Dream Job : computer penetration tester, security, democratic electoral system design, machine learning for NASA, work for streaming company, game programming, peel screen protectors off of phones, SpaceX, Q4: Why taking class : required, further understanding of arch., to learn Q5: Use of computer prior to age 6? Yes : 15, No : 13
12 Announcements Homework 1 Will be posted this weekend An extension of Lab 1 Per the instructions, create a new branch for homework1, and submit your code to the branch for grading Submission of your answers to the book questions is via Canvas. Collaboration
13 Announcements Homework 1 Will be posted this weekend An extension of Lab 1 Per the instructions, create a new branch for homework1, and submit your code to the branch for grading Submission of your answers to the book questions is via Canvas. Collaboration yes no Q: Can you work with a peer in writing a makefile for code not assigned for homework 1? Q: Can you exchange.k and.h homework files with a peer? Q: Can you brainstorm on a white board with a peer, and take a photo? Q: Can you brainstorm on a white board with a peer, then erase it all?
14 Announcements Homework 1 Will be posted this weekend An extension of Lab 1 Per the instructions, create a new branch for homework1, and submit your code to the branch for grading Submission of your answers to the book questions is via Canvas. Collaboration Yes No No Yes Q: Can you work with a peer in writing a makefile for code not assigned for homework 1? Q: Can you exchange.k and.h homework files with a peer? Q: Can you brainstorm on a white board with a peer, and take a photo? Q: Can you brainstorm on a white board with a peer, then erase it all?
15 Announcements Reminders Do the recommended readings The lecture slides complement and not supplement the recommended readings
16 Review user user user user gcc emacs atom Chromium Programs DB Operating System Computer Hardware
17 Review Q: What problem does the OS solve? user user user user gcc emacs atom Chromium Programs DB Operating System Computer Hardware
18 Review Q: What problem does the OS solve? Q: What is the kernel, and where is it stored? user user user user gcc emacs atom Chromium Programs DB Operating System Computer Hardware
19 Review Q: What problem does the OS solve? Q: What is the kernel, and where is it stored? user user user user gcc emacs atom Chromium Programs DB Operating System Computer Hardware Device Device CPU Controller Controller Device adapters memory ROM, EEPROM (firmware) ROM = read only memory EEPROM = electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
20 Review
21 Review y = 3 x = 2 y = y + x
22 Review time user A process System call Return from system call kernel Execute system call Mode bit : 0 / 1
23 In-class exercise
24 Today Finish Chapter 1 (intro) Begin Chapter 2
25 Operating System OS : provides the environment within which programs are executed. Non technical definition : an OS is a program that runs other programs
26 Operating System OS : provides the environment within which programs are executed. Non technical definition : an OS is a program that runs other programs My goal today : convince you that and OS is just another collection of smaller programs.. aka programs that are made of up functions programs that somebody else (humans!) wrote, that collectively manage and orchestrate the use of compute resource When you hear me make this claim what is your instinctual first question? think back to CSCI141 you saw the demo of hello world then what?
27 Operating System OS : provides the environment within which programs are executed. Non technical definition : an OS is a program that runs other programs My goal today : convince you that and OS is just another collection of smaller programs.. aka programs that are made of up functions programs that somebody else (humans!) wrote, that collectively manage and orchestrate the use of compute resource If an OS is just another program (or set of programs), then where is the source code? Where is the code?
28 Operating System OS : provides the environment within which programs are executed. Non technical definition : an OS is a program that runs other programs My goal today : convince you that and OS is just another collection of smaller programs.. aka programs that are made of up functions programs that somebody else (humans!) wrote, that collectively manage and orchestrate the use of compute resource First how do you detect what OS you have on your computer?
29 Operating System OS : provides the environment within which programs are executed. Non technical definition : an OS is a program that runs other programs My goal today : convince you that and OS is just another collection of smaller programs.. aka programs that are made of up functions programs that somebody else (humans!) wrote, that collectively manage and orchestrate the use of compute resource First how do you detect what OS you have on your computer? uname man uname uname o uname -r
30 Operating System OS : provides the environment within which programs are executed. Non technical definition : an OS is a program that runs other programs My goal today : convince you that and OS is just another collection of smaller programs.. aka programs that are made of up functions programs that somebody else (humans!) wrote, that collectively manage and orchestrate the use of compute resource If an OS is just another program (or set of programs), then where is the source code? Where is the code? In addition to libraries, source code, etc., /usr/include/sys/queue.h /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys...
31 Operating System Structure Structure as in, organization, and not data structure
32 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming : goal : increases CPU utilization by ensuring that the CPU has always something to execute (code to run)
33 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming : goal : increases CPU utilization by ensuring that the CPU has always something to execute (code to run) Several jobs are kept in memory Memory Hierarchy not all jobs can be in memory at one time
34 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming : goal : increases CPU utilization by ensuring that the CPU has always something to execute (code to run) Several jobs are kept in memory Memory Hierarchy not all jobs can be in memory at one time Hence the use of a job pool 0 max OS Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4 Job 5
35 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming : goal : increases CPU utilization by ensuring that the CPU has always something to execute (code to run) Several jobs are kept in memory Memory Hierarchy not all jobs can be in memory at one time Hence the use of a job pool Q: If several jobs are kept in memory does that mean that all of them are running at the same time? 0 max OS Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4 Job 5
36 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming : goal : increases CPU utilization by ensuring that the CPU has always something to execute (code to run) Several jobs are kept in memory Memory Hierarchy not all jobs can be in memory at one time Hence the use of a job pool Q: If several jobs are kept in memory does that mean that all of them are running at the same time? To answer this question, let s ask another one how long does it take to retrieve information from the hard drive versus registers? 0 max OS Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4 Job 5
37 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming : goal : increases CPU utilization by ensuring that the CPU has always something to execute (code to run) Several jobs are kept in memory Memory Hierarchy not all jobs can be in memory at one time Hence the use of a job pool OS picks one of the jobs in memory to execute When a job is waiting for an I/O operation, the OS switches to another job 0 max OS Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4 Job 5
38 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming : goal : increases CPU utilization by ensuring that the CPU has always something to execute (code to run) Several jobs are kept in memory Memory Hierarchy not all jobs can be in memory at one time Hence the use of a job pool OS picks one of the jobs in memory to execute 0 max OS Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4 Job 5 Already several important concepts should be apparent, which we ll talk about in future weeks When a job is waiting for an I/O operation, the OS switches to another job
39 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming : goal : increases CPU utilization by ensuring that the CPU has always something to execute (code to run) Several jobs are kept in memory Memory Hierarchy not all jobs can be in memory at one time Hence the use of a job pool OS picks one of the jobs in memory to execute When a job is waiting for an I/O operation, the OS switches to another job 0 max OS Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4 Job 5 Already several important concepts should be apparent, which we ll talk about in future weeks Security Q: What security vulnerability might you want to prevent if job 2 is skype, and job 4 is firefox?
40 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming : goal : increases CPU utilization by ensuring that the CPU has always something to execute (code to run) Several jobs are kept in memory Memory Hierarchy not all jobs can be in memory at one time Hence the use of a job pool OS picks one of the jobs in memory to execute When a job is waiting for an I/O operation, the OS switches to another job 0 max OS Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4 Job 5 Already several important concepts should be apparent, which we ll talk about in future weeks Job scheduling & synchronization & fair use of resources (timer -> interrupt) Q: Who should go next? Job 3 or 1?
41 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming : goal : increases CPU utilization by ensuring that the CPU has always something to execute (code to run) Several jobs are kept in memory Memory Hierarchy not all jobs can be in memory at one time Hence the use of a job pool OS picks one of the jobs in memory to execute When a job is waiting for an I/O operation, the OS switches to another job 0 max OS Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4 Job 5 Already several important concepts should be apparent, which we ll talk about in future weeks Swapping/Virtual memory Job 5 is selected to go next where in cache should it be placed? and what?
42 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming : goal : increases CPU utilization by ensuring that the CPU has always something to execute (code to run) Several jobs are kept in memory Memory Hierarchy not all jobs can be in memory at one time Hence the use of a job pool OS picks one of the jobs in memory to execute When a job is waiting for an I/O operation, the OS switches to another job 0 max OS Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4 Job 5 Already several important concepts should be apparent, which we ll talk about in future weeks Swapping/Virtual memory Job 5 is selected to go next where in cache should it be placed? and what should be done with the data/program in the cache location that is evicted??
43 Operating System Kernel Data Structures The queues, stacks, heaps, trees, etc. that you learned about in CSCI145, 241, 301, etc., are in use by the OS to enable process management, memory management, storage management, protection and security, etc.
44 Operating System Kernel Data Structures The queues, stacks, heaps, trees, etc. that you learned about in CSCI145, 241, 301, etc., are in use by the OS to enable process management, memory management, storage management, protection and security, etc. 30 second on-the board review of queues, stacks, heaps, trees FIFO LIFO Binary Hashing Bitmaps /usr/include/sys/queue.h
45 Operating System Structures Start of Chapter 2
46 Operating System Structures (yet) another few definition of an OS An OS provides services for programs (users) to access compute resources An OS provides interfaces for users and programmers to write software which utilizes compute resources An OS is a collection of components and their interconnections
47 Operating System Structures
48 Operating System Structures (programs/software) user interface system calls services (hardware)
49 Operating System Structures (programs/software) user interface system calls Task : List three modes by which programs invoke system calls services (hardware)
50 Operating System Structures (programs/software) GUI batch user interface Command line system calls services (hardware)
51 Operating System Structures (programs/software) Q: What are the services that we want an OS to provide? On-the-board brainstorming GUI batch user interface system calls Command line services (hardware)
52 Operating System Structures (programs/software) Program Execution : load program into memory and run it I/O operations : send data to screen, send data to speaker, send data to/from a file GUI batch user interface system calls Command line File systems : create a file, delete a file, add to a file, etc. services (hardware)
53 Operating System Structures (programs/software) Program Execution : load program into memory and run it I/O operations : send data to screen, send data to speaker, send data to/from a file GUI batch user interface system calls Command line File systems : create a file, delete a file, add to a file, etc. Communications Q: How might one process communicate with another? services (hardware)
54 Operating System Structures (programs/software) Program Execution : load program into memory and run it I/O operations : send data to screen, send data to speaker, send data to/from a file GUI batch user interface system calls Command line File systems : create a file, delete a file, add to a file, etc. Communications : via shared memory services myvar = 32 Process 1 Process 2 (hardware)
55 Operating System Structures (programs/software) Program Execution : load program into memory and run it I/O operations : send data to screen, send data to speaker, send data to/from a file GUI batch user interface system calls Command line File systems : create a file, delete a file, add to a file, etc. Communications : via shared memory or via message (packet) passing Packet 4325 Payload : 32 Process 1 Process 2 services (hardware)
56 Operating System Structures (programs/software) Program Execution : load program into memory and run it I/O operations : send data to screen, send data to speaker, send data to/from a file GUI batch user interface system calls Command line File systems : create a file, delete a file, add to a file, etc. Communications : via shared memory or via message (packet) passing Services for the user services Error detection : should be able to detect and effectively respond to any type of error (hardware)
57 Operating System Structures (programs/software) Resource allocation Accounting GUI batch user interface system calls Command line Protection and security Services for the user Services for efficient system operation services Task : define each of these terms what is the utility of the OS having/enabling each of these capabilities? (hardware)
58 Operating System Structures (programs/software) Resource allocation Scheduling algorithms Accounting GUI batch user interface system calls Command line Protection and security Services for the user Services for efficient system operation services (hardware)
59 Operating System Structures (programs/software) Resource allocation Scheduling algorithms Accounting Which user/process uses how much of a specific resource GUI batch user interface system calls Command line Q: What three types of quantities and/or resources does this refer to? Protection and security Services for the user Services for efficient system operation services (hardware)
60 Operating System Structures (programs/software) Resource allocation Scheduling algorithms Accounting Which user/process uses how much of a specific resource GUI batch user interface system calls Command line time, space, fair access to a shared resource Protection and security Services for the user Services for efficient system operation services (hardware)
61 Operating System Structures (programs/software) Resource allocation Scheduling algorithms Accounting Which user/process uses how much of a specific resource GUI batch user interface system calls Command line time, space, fair access to a shared resource Protection and security In a multiuser system one user/process might not want to make available its data to another (Skype and Firefox running concurrently) Services for the user Services for efficient system operation services (hardware)
62 Operating System Structures (programs/software) GUI batch user interface Command line system calls Each button/action has registered to it a code or series of commands when a button/folder is clicked, that code is executed, which issues a system call services (hardware)
63 Operating System Structures (programs/software) GUI batch user interface Command line system calls if you wanted to design your own OS as a first step, you d need to become familiar with the interface that the OS provides what system calls does the OS permit? abstractly, this is equivalent to you using NetBeans, or atom, or jgrasp, etc. which interface with the java virtual machine services (hardware)
64 Operating System Structures (programs/software) mkdir mydir When a user interacts with the OS via a command line, the behavior is a bit different, but conceptually, the idea is the same as when using a GUI GUI batch user interface system calls Command line Assume the above mkdir command is issued services (hardware)
65 Operating System Structures (programs/software) mkdir mydir When a command line instruction is issued the command must be interpreted GUI batch user interface system calls Command line Q: What does it mean for something to be interpreted? services (hardware)
66 Operating System Structures (programs/software) mkdir mydir When a command line instruction is issued the command must be interpreted GUI batch user interface system calls Command line Q: What does it mean for something to be interpreted? Context-free grammar Parsing Production rules Etc. services (hardware)
67 Operating System Structures (programs/software) mkdir mydir When a command line instruction is issued the command must be interpreted Two approaches GUI batch user interface system calls Command line 1. The command interpreter itself can execute the command services In this case, the interpreter parses the mkdir command, makes sure the correct argument(s) is/are specified, and issues the appropriate system call (hardware)
68 Operating System Structures (programs/software) mkdir mydir When a command line instruction is issued the command must be interpreted Two approaches GUI batch user interface system calls Command line 2. The command interpreter has no knowledge of what the command does, but instead launches a system program Q: What is the program that is launched in this case, and what is the argument? services (hardware)
69 Operating System Structures program argument (programs/software) mkdir mydir When a command line instruction is issued the command must be interpreted Two approaches GUI batch user interface system calls Command line 2. The command interpreter has no knowledge of what the command does, but instead launches a system program Q: What is the program that is launched in this case, and what is the argument? services (hardware)
70 Operating System Structures program argument (programs/software) mkdir mydir When a command line instruction is issued the command must be interpreted Two approaches GUI batch user interface system calls Command line 2. The command interpreter has no knowledge of what the command does, but instead launches a system program Q: Where are these programs located? services (hardware)
71 Operating System Structures program argument (programs/software) mkdir mydir When a command line instruction is issued the command must be interpreted Two approaches GUI batch user interface system calls Command line 2. The command interpreter has no knowledge of what the command does, but instead launches a system program Q: Where are these programs located? Multiple locations, including /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/ services (hardware)
72 Up Next Chapter 2, System Calls Chapter 3, Processes
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