Programové vybavenie - softvér. Funkcie operačného systému

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1 Programové vybavenie - softvér Funkcie operačného systému

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3 Softvér Softvér (software) programové vybavenie počítača. Vzniká programovaním, pričom každý počítačový program obsahuje postupnosť inštrukcií, ktorú vykonáva procesor. Podľa miesta nasadenia delíme softvér na: - systémový (BIOS, OS, utility), - aplikačný (textové editory, grafické editory, prezentačný softvér, prehliadače webových stránok atď.). Špeciálnu kategóriu softvéru, ktorý je pomerne ťažké jednoznačne zaradiť, tvoria: - sieťový softvér, - vývojový softvér (kompilátory, interpretery).

4 Operačný systém Jeho existencia začala na prelome 50. a 60. rokov 20. storočia v druhej generácii počítačov, kde predstavoval množinu príkazov a inštrukcií, ktoré dokázali komunikovať s pamäťovými zariadeniami a ukladať i čítať z nich údaje alebo programy. Dnes predstavuje technické a programové prostriedky počítača, ktoré zabezpečujú komunikáciu medzi hardvérom a používateľom. OS pozostáva z troch základných častí: - jadro OS, - monitor OS, - ovládače (knižnice). Všetky ostatné súčasti OS môžeme chápať ako aplikačné programy. Každý OS je navrhnutý hierarchicky, pričom komunikácia prechádza nasledovnými vrstvami: - používateľ, - aplikačné programy, - operačný systém, - firmvér (BIOS), - hardvér. používateľ aplikačné programy operačný systém firmvér hardvér

5 Operačný systém Úlohou OS je zabezpečiť nasledovné funkcie: - komunikácia s užívateľom, - prideľovanie prostriedkov systému, - riadenie prístupov k súborom, - vykonávanie programov, - vytváranie programov, - diagnostika, detekcia chýb, chybové riadenie a protokolovanie činností, - komunikácia s inými systémami. Delenie OS: - jednopoužívateľské / viacpoužívateľské, - jedno úlohové / viac úlohové (multitasking), - sieťové, - pamäťovo rezidentné (umiestnené v ROM) / diskovo orientované, - textovo orientované / GUI (Graphic User Interface).

6 Unix viacpoužívateľský, viac úlohový a sieťový operačný systém vybudovaný na troch vrstvách jadro systému, interpreter príkazového riadku, služobné programy. K dispozícii sú aj grafické rozhrania (GNOME, KDE) potrebujú rozhranie X- Windows. Výhody: stabilita, bezpečnosť, spoľahlivosť servery, voľne šíriteľný zdrojový kód pri nekomerčných verziách, možnosť kompilácie na ľubovoľnú hardvérovú platformu a v prípade dostatočných skúseností i úprava systému podľa vlastných požiadaviek a potrieb. Nevýhody: na správu systému sú potrebné značné skúsenosti.

7 Linux množstvo verzií OS založených na platforme Unix, ktoré majú spoločné jadro Linux. Bolo napísané študentom Helsinskej univerzity Linusom Torvaldsom. Často sa používa označenie GNU/Linux. GNU označuje slobodný (voľne šíriteľný) unixový operačný systém a predstavuje rekurzívnu skratku (GNU s Not Unix). GNU/GPL (General Public License) je licencia umožňujúca kopírovanie, zmenu a distribúciu softvéru, ktorý jej podlieha avšak s podmienkou, že aj modifikovaný softvér bude šírený pod GNU/GPL. Najčastejšie distribúcie : - Debian, Fedora Core, Knopix, Mandrake (Mandriva), Red Hat, SuSE a Ubuntu. Linux predstavuje OS so všetkým čo k nemu patrí a výhody a nevýhody sú rovnaké ako pri systémoch typu Unix, existujú komerčné i nekomerčné riešenia.

8 Mac OS (Macintosh Operating System) je OS pre počítače Apple Macintosh, ktorý kombinuje kvalitné grafické prostredie so stabilitou operačných systémov Unix. Mac OS bol prvým komerčným OS s grafickým používateľským rozhraním a mnohé v ňom implementované prvky boli neskôr prebrané ďalšími OS (napr. Windows). V súčasnosti je Mac OS založený na BSD distribúcii Uniixu a grafické rozhranie Aqua je vytvorené spoločnosťou Apple. Výhody: prepracované grafické prostredie, stabilita. Nevýhody: v minulosti obmedzenie na platformu Apple Macintosh, v súčasnosti podporuje i platformu Intelu

9 MS DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) diskový operačný systém určený pre počítače IBM PC kompatibilné. Bol vyvinutý firmou Microsoft na základe objednávky IBM. Jedná sa o textový, jednoprocesorový, jednopoužívateľský a jedno úlohový operačný systém. Je tvorený len trojicou súborov msdos.sys (jadro), io.sys (odstraňuje chyby BIOSu a obsluhuje periférne zariadenia) a command.com (interpreter príkazov zadávaných do príkazového riadku). Výhody: funkčnosť a rýchlosť aj na nevýkonných strojoch, jednoduchosť a v čase najväčšej slávy obrovské rozšírenie. Nevýhody: textové prostredie, nemožnosť prevádzkovania viacerých programov súčasne, neefektívna práca s operačnou pamäťou nad 640 kb.

10 Windows: Windows 3.0 až 3.11 grafická nadstavba MS DOS, Windows 95 prvý OS dnešnej podoby, Windows NT sieťový OS podobný 95, no stabilnejší, spoľahlivejší, bezpečnejší (NTFS), Windows 98 nástupca 95, podpora Internetu, Windows 98 ME nástupca 98, nepodarok, Windows 2000 spojenie systémov NT a 98, bol k dispozícií v troch verziách, dve boli určené pre server (Server, Advanced Server) a jedna pre pracovné stanice (Professional), Windows XP nasledovník verzie 2000 pre pracovné stanice (vo verzii Professional a Home), Windows 2003 Srever nasledovník verzie 2000 pre servery a sieťové prostredia, je vydaný vo verziách Small Business, Web, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Compute Cluster Server, Windows Media Center Edition - nástupca verzie XP Home určená pre PC typu all-in-one slúžiace ako systém domácej zábavy, Windows Vista nástupca verzie XP, ktorá je vo verziách Starter, Home Premium, Home Basic, Business, Enterprise a Ultimate, náročný na HW..., Windows 2008 Server nasledovník 2003 serverovej edície, je vydaný vo verziách Small Business, Essential Business, Itanium, Foundation, Storage, Web, HPC, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Windows 7 najnovší OS ( opravný ), je vydávaný vo verziách Starter, Home Premium, Professional, Ultimate.

11 Ostatné OS: CP/M historický OS určený pre domáce PC s procesorom Z80, ktorý bol orientovaný diskovo (disketovo) a vďaka tomu sa stal inšpiráciou pre mnohé ďalšie OS, najmä pre MS DOS. Palm OS OS používaný v handheldoch typu Palm. Symbian OS, Ms Windows Mobile Edition, Google Android, iphone OS, MeeGo... OS používane v mobilných telefónoch. OS/2 OS, ktorý sa začal vyvíjať v spolupráci s IBM a Microsoftom ako náhrad MS DOS. Po úspechu Windows ho prestali podporovať. Cloud Computing webovo orientované OS - Google Chrome OS. Serverové OS OS určené výhradne na správu serverov a ich služieb (Windows, Linux, Novell, Unix...).

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