mdadm Contents From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia mdadm is a Linux utility used to manage software RAID devices. mdadm

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1 1 of 16 mdadm From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia mdadm is a Linux utility used to manage software RAID devices. The name is derived from the md (multiple device) device nodes it administers or manages, and it replaced a previous utility mdctl. The original name was "Mirror Disk", but was changed as the functionality increased. mdadm Original author(s) Neil Brown Developer(s) Neil Brown Initial release 2001 Stable release [1] / December 23, 2011 Development status Active Written in C It is free software licensed under version 2 or later of the GNU General Public License - maintained and copyrighted to Neil Brown of SUSE. Contents 1 Functionality 1.1 Types of physical device 1.2 RAID Configurations 1.3 Non-RAID Configurations 1.4 Types of MD device 1.5 Booting 2 Quick reference 2.1 Create an array 2.2 Recording the array 2.3 Growing an Operating system Available in Type License Website Linux English Disk utility GNU General Public License /blog/mdadm

2 2 of 16 array by adding devices 2.4 Growing an array by upgrading devices 2.5 Deleting an array 2.6 Convert an existing partition to RAID 5 3 Mdmpd 4 Known problems 4.1 RAID already running 4.2 Tweaking the kernel 4.3 Zeroing the superblock 4.4 Recovering from a loss of raid superblock 4.5 Increasing RAID ReSync Performance 4.6 Increasing RAID5 Performance 5 References 6 External links Functionality Types of physical device mdadm can handle anything which presents to the kernel as a block device. This can encompass whole disks (/dev/sda) and partitions (/dev/sda1). RAID Configurations Main article: Standard RAID levels

3 3 of 16 RAID 0 - Block level striping. MD can handle devices of different lengths, the extra space on the larger device is then not striped. RAID 1 - Mirror. RAID 4 - Like RAID 0, but with an extra device for parity. RAID 5 - Like RAID 4, but with the parity distributed across all devices. RAID 6 - Like RAID 5, but with two parity segments per stripe. RAID 10 - Take a number of RAID 1 mirrorsets and stripe across them RAID 0 style. (Note that "RAID 10" is distinct from RAID "0+1", which consists of a top-level RAID-1 mirror composed of high-performance RAID-0 stripes directly across the physical hard disks. A single-drive failure in a RAID 10 configuration results in one of the lower-level mirrors entering degraded mode, but the top-level stripe performing normally (except for the performance hit). A single-drive failure in a RAID 0+1 configuration results in one of the lower-level stripes completely failing, and the top-level mirror entering degraded mode. Which of the two setups is preferable depends on the details of the application in question, such as whether or not spare disks are available, and how they should be spun up.) Non-RAID Configurations LINEAR Concatenate a number of devices into a single large MD device. MULTIPATH Provide multiple paths with failover to a single device. FAULTY A single device which emulates a number of disk fault scenarios for testing and development. CONTAINER A group of devices managed as one, in which RAID systems can be built. Types of MD device The original (standard) form was /dev/mdn where n is a number between 0 and 99. More recent kernels have supported the use of names such as /dev/md/home. Under kernel 2.4 and earlier these two were the only options. Both of them are non-partitionable. From kernel 2.6 a new type of MD device was introduced, a partitionable array. The device names were modified by changing md to md_d. The partitions were identified by adding pn; thus /dev/md/md_d2p3 for example. From kernel non-partitionable arrays can be partitioned, the partitions being referred to in the same way as for partitionable arrays: /dev/md /md1p2.

4 4 of 16 Booting Since support for MD is found in the kernel, there is an issue with using it before the kernel is running. Specifically it will not be present if the boot loader is either (e)lilo or GRUB legacy. It may not be present for GRUB 2. In order to circumvent this problem a /boot filesystem must be used either without md support, or else with RAID1. In the latter case the system will boot by treating the RAID1 device as a normal filesystem, and once the system is running it can be remounted as md and the second disk added to it. This will result in a catch-up, but /boot filesystems are usually small. Quick reference Create an array mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=mirror --raid-devices=2 /dev/sda1 / Create a RAID 1 (mirror) array from two partitions. If the partitions differ in size, the array is the size of the smallest partition. You can create a RAID 1 array with more than two devices. This gives you multiple copies. Whilst there is little extra safety in this, it makes sense when you are creating a RAID 5 array for most of your disk space and using RAID 1 only for a small /boot partition. Using the same partitioning for all member drives keeps things simple. mdadm --create /dev/md1 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 /dev/sda2 /dev/s Create a RAID 5 volume from three partitions. If the partitions used in your RAID array are not the same size, mdadm will use the size of the smallest from each partition. If you receive an error, such as: "mdadm: RUN_ARRAY failed: Invalid argument", make sure your kernel supports (either via a module or by being directly compiled in) the raid mode you are trying to use. Most modern kernels do, but you never know... It is possible to create a degraded mirror, with one half missing by replacing a drive name with "missing": mdadm --create /dev/md1 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb1 missin

5 5 of 16 The other half mirror is added to the set thus: mdadm --manage /dev/md1 --add /dev/sda1 This is useful when you are adding a disk to a computer which currently isn't mirrored. The new drive is... partitioned to match the first (unless you are also repartitioning too) turned into a set of "half-mirrors" formatted with appropriate file system mounted the data is copied over, made bootable its grub config and fstab mounts changed The computer is then booted off the secondary drive (or a rescue disk), the now idle original disk can be repartitioned if required (no need to format), and then the primary drive submirrors are added. Note that the partition types should be changed to 0xFD with fdisk to indicate that they are mirrored devices. Recording the array mdadm --detail /dev/md0 View the status of the multi disk array md0. mdadm -Es grep md0 >>/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf This adds md0 to the configuration file so that it is recognised next time you boot. You may wish to keep a copy of /proc/mdstat on another machine or as a paper copy. The information will allow you to restart the array manually if mdadm fails to do so. Growing an array by adding devices

6 6 of 16 mdadm --add /dev/md1 /dev/sdd1 mdadm --grow /dev/md1 --raid-devices=4 This adds the new device to the array then grows the array to use its space. In some configurations you may not be able to grow the array until you have removed the internal bitmap. You can add the bitmap back again after the array has been grown. mdadm --grow /dev/md1 -b none mdadm --grow /dev/md1 -b internal Growing an array by upgrading devices An array may be upgraded by replacing the devices one by one, either as a planned upgrade or ad hoc as a result of replacing failed devices. mdadm /dev/md1 --fail /dev/sda1 # replace the first drive with the new, larger one then partition i mdadm --add /dev/md1 /dev/sda1 Allow the new drive to resync. If replacing all the devices repeat the above for each device, allowing the array to resync between repetitions. Finally, grow the array to use the maximum space available and then grow the filesystem(s) on the RAID array to use the new space. mdadm --grow /dev/md1 --size=max Deleting an array mdadm --stop /dev/md0 # to halt the array mdadm --remove /dev/md0 # to remove the array mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sd[abc]1 # delete the superblock from # edit /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf to delete any rows related to deleted Convert an existing partition to RAID 5

7 7 of 16 Assume that the existing data is on /dev/sda1: mdadm --create /dev/md1 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 missing /dev/sdb mdadm -Es >>/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf update-initramfs -u dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/md1 # replace /dev/sdax with /dev/md1px in your boot loader's menu # reboot into /dev/md1 # format /dev/sday by marking the partition as autoraid mdadm --add /dev/md1 /dev/sday # update your boot loader Notes: A partition may be given as missing to act as a placeholder so that it can be added later. The /boot directory should be elsewhere, possibly on /dev/md0 or its own partition. If the reboot fails, do NOT add /dev/sda1 into the array until the problem is corrected! Mdmpd Mdmpd is a computer program for the GNU/Linux Operating System. It is part of the mdadm package written and copyrighted by Red Hat. The program is used to monitor multi-path (RAID) devices, and is usually started at boot time as a service, and afterwards running as a daemon. mdmpd daemon to monitor MD multipath devices Enterprise storage requirements often include the desire to have more than one way to talk to a single disk drive so that in the event of some failure to talk to a disk drive via one controller, the system can automatically switch to another controller and keep going. This is called multipath disk access. The linux kernel implements multipath disk access via the software RAID stack known as the md (Multiple Devices) driver. The kernel portion of the md multipath driver only handles routing I/O requests to the proper device and handling failures on the active path. It does not try to find out if a path that has previously failed might be working again. That's what this daemon does. Upon startup, the daemon will fork and place itself in the background. Then it reads the current state of the md raid arrays, saves that state, and then waits for the kernel to tell it something interesting has happened. It then wakes up,

8 8 of 16 checks to see if any paths on a multipath device have failed, and if they have then it starts to poll the failed path once every 15 seconds until it starts working again. Once it starts working again, the daemon will then add the path back into the multipath md device it was originally part of as a new spare path. If one is using the /proc filesystem, /proc/mdstat lists all active md devices with information about them. Mdmpd requires this to find arrays to monitor paths on and to get notification of interesting events. Known problems A common error when creating RAID devices is that the dmraid-driver has taken control of all the devices that are to be used in the new RAID device. Error-messages like this will occur: mdadm: Cannot open /dev/sdb1: Device or resource busy Typically, the solution to this problem involves adding the "nodmraid" kernel parameter to the boot loader config. Another way this error can present itself is if the device mapper has its way with the drives. Issue 'dmsetup table' see if the drive in question is listed. 'dmsetup remove <drive id>' will remove the drive from device mapper and the "Device or resource busy" error will go away as well. RAID already running First check if the device isn't in use in another array: cat /proc/mdstat Probably you will have to stop the array with: mdadm --stop /dev/<mdxxx> Check the /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf file (and restart system if possible): vi /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf Then you should be able to delete the superblock of this device:

9 9 of 16 mdadm --misc --zero-superblock /dev/sdxn Now the device shouldn't be busy any more. Sometimes dmraid "owns" the devices and will not let them go. There is a solution. [2] Tweaking the kernel To solve this problem, you need to build a new initrd without the dmraiddriver. The following command does this on a system with the " el5"-kernel: mkinitrd --omit-dmraid /boot/no_dmraid_initrd el5.img After this, the system has to be rebooted with the new initrd. Edit your /boot/grub/grub.conf to achieve this. Alternatively if you have a self customized and compiled kernel from a distro like Gentoo (the default option in gentoo) which doesn't use initrd then check kernel.config file in /usr/src/linux for the line # CONFIG_BLK_DEV_DM is not configured If the above line is set as follows: CONFIG_BLK_DEV_DM=y then you might have to disable that option, recompile the kernel, put it in /boot and finally edit grub conf file in /boot/grub. PLEASE be careful NOT to disable CONFIG_BLK_DEV_MD=y (Note the MD instead of DM) which is essential for raid to work at all! If both methods have not helped you then booting from live CD probably will

10 10 of 16 (the below example is for starting a degraded raid-1 mirror array and adding a spare hdd to it and syncing. Creating a new one shouldn't be more difficult because the underlying problem was 'Device or resource busy' error): modprobe raid1 mknod /dev/md1 b 9 1 mknod /dev/md3 b 9 3 mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/hda1 mdadm --assemble /dev/md3 /dev/hda3 mdadm --add /dev/md1 /dev/hdb1 mdadm --add /dev/md3 /dev/hdb3 It might be easier to try and automatically assemble the devices mdadm --assemble --scan Remember to change the corresponding md* and hd* values with the corresponding ones from your system. You can monitor the sync progress using: cat /proc/mdstat When the sync is done you can reboot in your Linux normally. Zeroing the superblock Another way to prevent the kernel autostarting the raid is to remove all the previous raid-related information from the disks before proceeding with the creation, for example: mdadm --stop /dev/md0 mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sd[abcd]1 And now the usual create, for example: mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=4 --spare-devices=

11 11 of 16 Recovering from a loss of raid superblock There are superblocks on the drives themselves and on the raid (apparently). If you have a power failure, hardware failure, that does not include the drives themselves, and you cannot get the raid to recover in any other way, and wish to recover the data, proceed as follows: Get a list of the devices in the raid in question: mdadm --detail /dev/md[x] Result something like this: /dev/md127: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sun Aug 21 23:35: Raid Level : raid6 Array Size : ( GiB GB) Used Dev Size : ( GiB GB) Raid Devices : 6 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sun Jan 1 11:43: State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 4 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 512K Name : clop:1 (local to host clop) UUID : 7ee1e93a:1b011f80:04503b8d:c5dd1e23 Events : 62 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State active sync /dev/sdc active sync /dev/sdd active sync /dev/sdf active sync /dev/sde removed removed

12 12 of 16 RaidDevice order (sdc1,sdd1,sdf1,sde1) and Chunk Size are critical Record all your raid member parameters: mdadm --examine /dev/sd[abcde...]1 egrep 'dev Update Role State C Look carefully at the Update time. If you have raid members attached to the motherboard and others attached to a raid card, and the card fails, but leaves enough members to keep the raid alive, you want to make a note of that. Look at Array State and Update Time. For example: /dev/sdc1: Update Time : Wed Jun 15 00:32: Array State : AAAA.. ('A' == active, '.' == missing) /dev/sdd1: Update Time : Thu Jun 16 21:49: Array State :.AAA.. ('A' == active, '.' == missing) /dev/sde1: Update Time : Thu Jun 16 21:49: Array State :.AAA.. ('A' == active, '.' == missing) /dev/sdf1: Update Time : Thu Jun 16 21:49: Array State :.AAA.. ('A' == active, '.' == missing) /dev/sdk1: Update Time : Tue Jun 14 07:09: Array State :...AA ('A' == active, '.' == missing) /dev/sdl1: Update Time : Tue Jun 14 07:09: Array State :...AA ('A' == active, '.' == missing) Devices sdc1, sdd1, sde1 and sdf1 are the last members in the array and will rebuild correctly. sdk1 and sdl1 left the array (in my case due to a raid card failure). Also note the raid member, starting with 0, the raid needs to be rebuilt in the same order. Chunk size is also important. Zero the drive superblocks mdadm --stop /dev/md0 # to halt the array

13 13 of 16 mdadm --remove /dev/md0 # to remove the array mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sd[cdefkl]1 Reassemble the raid mdadm --create /dev/md1 --chunk= level=6 --raid-devices=6 /de 'missing' tell the create command to rebuild the raid in a degraded state. sdk1 and sdl1 can be added later Edit /etc/mdadm.conf and add an ARRAY line with a UUID. First get the UUID for your raid: mdadm -D /dev/md<x> then: nano /etc/mdadm.conf and add something similar to the file (notice there is no # in front of the active line you are adding #ARRAY /dev/md0 UUID=3aaa0122:29827cfa:5331ad66:ca #ARRAY /dev/md1 super-minor=1 #ARRAY /dev/md2 devices=/dev/hda1,/dev/hdb1 ARRAY /dev/md1 UUID=7ee1e93a:1b011f80:04503b8d:c5dd1e23 Save with <Ctrl-o> Last, mark the array possilbly dirty with: mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 --update=resync Monitor the rebuild with

14 14 of 16 watch -n 1 cat /proc/mdstat All your data should be recovered! Increasing RAID ReSync Performance In order to increase the resync speed, we can use a bitmap, which mdadm will use to mark which areas may be out-of-sync. Add the bitmap with the grow option like below : mdadm -G /dev/md2 --bitmap=internal Note: mdadm v March 2009 on Centos 5.5 requires this to be run on a stable "clean" array. If the array is rebuilding the following error will be displayed: mdadm: failed to set internal bitmap. And the following line is added to the log file: md: couldn't update array info. -16 then verify that the bitmap was added to the md2 device using cat /proc/mdstat you can also adjust Linux kernel limits by editing these files /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_min and /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_max You can also edit this with the sysctl utility

15 15 of 16 sysctl -w dev.raid.speed_limit_min=50000 Increasing RAID5 Performance To help RAID5 read/write performance, setting the read-ahead & stripe cache size [3][4] for the array provides noticeable speed improvements. Note: This tip assumes sufficient RAM availability to the system. Insufficient RAM can lead to data loss/corruption echo > /sys/block/md0/md/stripe_cache_size blockdev --setra /dev/md0 Write Performance: dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/family/10gb.16384k.stripe.out bs=1m count= records in records out bytes (11 GB) copied, s, 114 MB/s Read Performance: dd if=/mnt/family/10gb.16384k.stripe.out of=/dev/null bs=1m records in records out bytes (11 GB) copied, s, 376 MB/s These changes must be done on any reboot (add to an init script to set on start-up) References ^ Subject: ANNOUNCE: mdadm A tool for managing Soft RAID under Linux Linux RAID Storage ( /raid/msg37056.html) ^ how-to-build-initrd-without-dmraid-driver-on-ubuntu-9-10 (

16 16 of dmraid-driver-on-ubuntu-9-10) ^ Linux Software RAID 5 Performance Optimizations: : (211MB/s read ( ^ /wiki/lvm_on_raid#performance_enhancements_.2f_tuning External links Official Site (Developer blog) ( Linux RAID Wiki ( Debian recipes of mdadm use ( /doc/mdadm/readme.recipes.gz) Step-by-step tutorial on partitioning and creating a RAID array. ( /Quick_HOWTO_:_Ch26_:_Linux_Software_RAID) Red Hat Product Enhancement Advisory ( /RHEA html) Ubuntu - Installing Software RAID with mdadm ( /community/installation/softwareraid) Setting up a RAID volume in Linux with >2TB disks ( Retrieved from " oldid= " Categories: Free software programmed in C Free system software Linux file system-related software RAID This page was last modified on 23 October 2012 at 07:35. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.