Few Multiplexing Applications
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1 Few Multiplexing Applications by Dr. Manas Khatua Assistant Professor Dept. of CSE IIT Jodhpur Web:
2 The Telephone System Analog Services Digtital Services DSL Technology ADSL SDSL HDSL VDSL Dr. Manas Khatua 2
3 One of the many applications of multiplexing is in the telephone network which makes use of both FDM and TDM Dr. Manas Khatua 3
4 The Telephone Network Local Loop: Analog Line; Bandwidth 4kHz; Twisted-pair Cable End Offices: Generally, Local Telephone Exchange Trunk Lines: Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber, Microwave, Satellite Link Tandem Offices: used to interconnect local exchange offices for long distance communications Regional Offices: used to interconnect tandem offices Dr. Manas Khatua 4
5 Categories of Service Analog Services: Available from telephone companies for a long time Digital Services: Advances of technology has allowed the introduction of digital services Dr. Manas Khatua 5
6 Categories of Analog Service Analog Switched Service : familiar dial-up service most often encountered when using a home telephone. Analog Leased Service : dedicated line offers customers the opportunity to lease line (dedicated line), that is permanently connected to another customer Dr. Manas Khatua 6
7 Analog Switched Services Subscriber handest is connected to the telephone network by twisted-pair cable called local loop The Signal on the local loop is analog in nature having bandwidth 0 to 4 khz A Switch in the exchange connects a subscriber to the subscriber of the dialed number of call The Network is referred to as Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) Dr. Manas Khatua 7
8 Switched vs Leased Services Dr. Manas Khatua 8
9 Analog Hierarchy For Better utilization of the infrastructure, analog services are multiplexed to provide lines of higher bandwidth. FDM is used to combine many lines into fewer lines in a hierarchical manner. The Hierarchical system used by AT&T comparises groups, supergroups, master groups and jumbo groups Dr. Manas Khatua 9
10 Analog Hierarchy Dr. Manas Khatua 10
11 Digital Services The long-distance carrier system was designed to transmit voice signals over high-capacity transmission links, such as optical fiber, coaxial cable, and microwave. Part of this evolution was the adoption of digital technology. Digital Services are becoming increasingly popular because of higher immunity to noise and other interferences and lower cost. Categories of digital service: Dr. Manas Khatua 11
12 Switched 56 Services Digital version of the analog switched line. Allows data rate of up to 56 kbps. Althouth there is no need of modem, there is a need of another device known as Digital Service Unit (DSU). DSU provides better speed, less susceptibilty to noise and better quality. This Services provide bandwidth on demand Dr. Manas Khatua 12
13 Switched 56 Services Dr. Manas Khatua 13
14 Digital Data Services (DDS) Digital version of analog leased line. Allows data rates of up to 56 kbps. Choice of lower data rates: 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2 or 56 kbps. Here also there is a need of DSU (digital service unit) DSU used in DDS is cheaper and simpler because it does not required keyboard Dr. Manas Khatua 14
15 Digital Data Services (DDS) Dr. Manas Khatua 15
16 Digital Signal (DS) Service Provides a hierarchy of digital services. DS-0 service is similar to DDS, a single digital channel of 64 kbps. DS-1 is Mbps service. DS-2 is Mbps service. DS-3 is Mbps service. DS-4 is Mbps service Dr. Manas Khatua 16
17 DS Hierarchy Dr. Manas Khatua 17
18 USA Standard for DS T1 lines are used to implement these digital signal services Dr. Manas Khatua 18
19 Analog Transmission using T1 lines The basis of the TDM hierarchy is the DS-1 transmission format which multiplexes 24 channels. T1 lines can be used for analog transmission using PCM for conversion to digital signal Dr. Manas Khatua 19
20 T1 Frame Structure Dr. Manas Khatua 20
21 DS-1 Frame Format The first bit is a framing bit, used for synchronization. Voice channels: For five of every six frames, 8-bit PCM samples are used. 7-bit PCM used on every sixth frame; bit 8 of each channel is a signaling bit. Data channels: Channel 24 is used for signaling only in some schemes. Bits 1 7 used for 56-kbps service Bits 2 7 used for 9.6-, 4.8-, and 2.4-kbps service. Finally, the DS-1 format can be used to carry a mixture of voice and data channels. In this case, all 24 channels are utilized; no sync byte is provided Dr. Manas Khatua 21
22 DSL Technology Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) has been developed to facilitate high-speed digital communication over the existing local loops. Inherent bandwidth of 1.1 MHz of twisted pair cable used in local loops has been exploited. It uses suitable modulation as well as multiplexing techniques to achieve this. The DSL versions: ADSL, VDSL, HDSL and SDSL,often refered as xdsl Dr. Manas Khatua 22
23 Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) ADSL provides higher bit rates in the downstream direction (from the telephone central office to the subscriber s site) than the upstream direction. divides the bandwidth of a twisted-pair cable Key underlying technology is DMT Dr. Manas Khatua 23
24 Discrete Multitone Technique (DMT) Discrete multitone (DMT) uses multiple carrier signals at different frequencies, sending some of the bits on each channel Dr. Manas Khatua 24
25 Discrete Multitone Technique (DMT) voice: Channel 0 is reserved for voice. idle: channel 1-5 is not used. The available transmission band (upstream or downstream) is divided into a number of 4-kHz subchannels Upstream Data and control: 24 channels for upstream data and control. one channel is used for control. Available bandwidth: 24*4000*15 = 1.44 Mbps Downstream Data and control: 224 channel for downstream data and control. Available bandwidth: 224*4000*15=13.4Mbps Dr. Manas Khatua 25
26 Others DSL Technique: Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL): Divides the available bandwidth equally. High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL): Designed as alternative to T1 line. AMI encoding is used in T1 lines which is susceptible to attenuation at high frequencies. HDSL uses 2B1Q encoding, which is less susceptible to attenuation. Allows 2MBps over a distance of 3.6 km without repeater. Uses two Pair of twisted pair wire for duplex communication Dr. Manas Khatua 26
27 Others DSL Technique: Very high bit rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL): Similar to ADSL, but uses coaxial, fiber-optic or twisted-pair for shorter ditances. Using DMT allows 1.5 to 2.5 Mbps for upstream and 50 to 55 downstream Dr. Manas Khatua 27
28 Comparison of xdsl Dr. Manas Khatua 28
29 Figure and slide materials are taken from the following sources: 1. W. Stallings, (2010), Data and Computer Communications 2. NPTL lecture on Data Communication, by Prof. A. K. Pal, IIT Kharagpur 3. B. A. Forouzan, (2013), Data Communication and Networking Dr. Manas Khatua 29
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