On the Internet, nobody knows you re a dog.
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- Elinor Chandler
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1 On the Internet, nobody knows you re a dog.
2 THREATS TO DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS 1 Jane Q. Public Big Bank client s How do I know I am connecting to my bank? server s Maybe an attacker sends you phishing (pretending to be from your bank) and you click on a link in it... gets access to your packet stream and changes the destination addresses... hijacks the DNS entry of bigbank.com... hijacks routing to the address of bigbank.com
3 THREATS TO DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS 2 client s Jane Q. Public WHO COULD SPY ON THEM OR TAMPER WITH COMMUNICATION? the networks themselves people who tap a wire... penetrate an infrastructure... put a wireless receiver near a transmitter... connect to a wired broadcast medium such as a cable network Big Bank server s WHAT CAN ATTACKERS DO? read data absorb packets modify packets inject packets into the stream
4 WHOM AM I TALKING TO? the answer (whatever it is) is an identity Jane Q. Public Big Bank client s server s Web-based application network [browser] HTTP session dynamic link bigbank. com TCP session C S client s network transit networks server s network most likely, the bank wants as identity the user name Jane Q. Public, and asks for a password for endpoint authentication
5 IDENTITIES USED IN SESSION PROTOCOLS bank server s interface (name is address) is the user of this session endpoint network member, session endpoint has access to (checked by endpoint authentication) identity owns (certified by certificate authority) public/private key pair domain bigbank.com, which is the name of the Web server each key is at least 2,000 bits
6 PUBLIC-KEY ENCRYPTION K (K (data)) = K (K (data)) BUT knowing one of the pair, it is very difficult to compute the other! CHALLENGER B VERIFIABLE ENDPOINT A Are you A, who has public key K +? Nonce n - K (n) + - K (K (data)) = n OK!
7 THE TLS HANDSHAKE accomplishes... (1) agreement on cipher suite, (2) endpoint authentication of server, can also authenticate initiating endpoint of session, but this is not done by normal Web services (user has history with the site, not a certificate) (3) key exchange important to do a good job of this CLIENT B cipher suites I support, my nonce NB choice of cipher suite, my nonce NA, my certificate SERVER A important to use an up-to-date one, cf. TLS 1.3 verify certificate, extract public key K +, generate pre-master-secret + K (pre-master-secret) - from pre-master-secret, NB, and NA, compute 2 encryption keys and 2 authentication keys lots of keys! using private key K, compute K -(K + (pre-master-secret) ) to get pre-master-secret from pre-master-secret, NB, and NA, compute 2 encryption keys and 2 authentication keys
8 A HIGH-LEVEL IDENTITY IS MOBILE CLIENT CAN... SERVER CAN... log in from another computer disconnect identity from session by logging out move around while using a mobile device (even if the identity goes with the device) lend keys and certificate to a trusted representative, e.g., a content-delivery network attach a digital signature to data, so its identity can travel anywhere with the data
9 DATA ENCRYPTION AND MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION 1 TLS PACKET encryption embedded in TCP encrypted authenticated TCP TLS data MAC ESP PACKET, TUNNEL MODE different networks, different addresses ESP TCP data ESP trailer MAC ESP PACKET, TRANSPORT MODE ESP TCP data ESP trailer MAC TCP embedded in encryption
10 MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION 2 TLS PACKET encrypted authenticated TCP TLS data MAC MAC = H ( data + key ) authentication key, just for this direction, and known by both endpoints cryptographic hash function recipient recomputes same formula, checks that it is the same as MAC
11 MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION 3: THE CATCH MAC ensures that received packet came from sender without modification. But attacker could still delete, re-order, or replay packets. TLS PACKET encrypted authenticated TCP TLS data MAC TCP sequence numbers won t help because attacker can change those to make sequence look right so TLS packets have implicit sequence numbers (can make them implicit because of reliance on TCP) MAC = H (data + key + number) ESP PACKET, TRANSPORT MODE ESP TCP data ESP trailer MAC can t rely on TCP, so ESP s have explicit sequence numbers which may not arrive in order so receiver deletes packets with previously received numbers (replay attacks)
12 ENCRYPTION AND AUTHENTICATION 4: SCOPES WHY ARE THE SCOPES OF ENCRYPTION AND AUTHENTICATION DIFFERENT? TLS PACKET authentication is extra-secure? encrypted authenticated TCP TLS data MAC ESP PACKET, TUNNEL MODE a middlebox can authenticate even if it doesn t decrypt? ESP TCP data ESP trailer MAC why not authenticate the, too? sec AH does this, and packets can t even pass through a NAT
13 POOR COMPOSITION: SHOULD WORK, BUT DOES NOT employee laptop enterprise enterprise TCP session VPN interface secure dynamic link VPN server interface compound ESP session src = V3.13, src = P14, dst = P4 dst = P4 V3.13 P14 P4 interface forwarder NAT box interface private network in a coffee shop public Internet enterprise network Why? A NAT cannot make a compound ESP session, because the session identifier is not standard. Ugly hack: pretend UDP has persistent sessions, use with well-known port 4500, this signals endpoints that ESP is embedded inside UDP.
14 ENCRYPTION AND MIDDLEBOXES 1 IF THE MIDDLEBOXES HAVE THE SAME INTERESTS AS ADJACENT ENDPOINTS, THEY CAN BECOME PART OF THE TLS SCHEME middleboxes could be doing security, performance optimization TCP session TCP session TCP session initiator endpoint initiator s middlebox acceptor s middlebox acceptor endpoint TLS handshake 1 TLS handshake 2 endpoint authentication and key exchange for this hop this handshake does endpoint authentication for the real endpoints, key exchange for the middle hop TLS handshake 2 endpoint authentication and key exchange for this hop
15 ENCRYPTION AND MIDDLEBOXES 2 TRUSTED MIDDLEBOXES ARE PART OF THE APPLICATION ABOVE THE ENCRYPTION! compound S session S network alice@ atlanta.com atlanta.com (proxy) biloxi.com (proxy) bob@ biloxi.com dynamic links networks AAC AC BC BBC TLS sessions
16 ENCRYPTION AND MIDDLEBOXES 3 employee laptop enterprise network enterprise enterprise TCP session VPN interface secure dynamic link VPN server interface compound ESP session interface NAT box forwarder interface private network in a coffee shop public Internet enterprise network paths through the enterprise network where packets are not encrypted SIDESTEP THE ENCRYPTION!
17 ENCRYPTION AND MIDDLEBOXES 4 MIDDLEBOXES ARE BELOW THE ENCRYPTION! encrypted N1 : Ethernet N2 s:, UDP, GTP N3 s:, UDP, ESP N4 s:, TCP N4 payload at Level 4, everything in the packets is encrypted? at Level 3, data is encrypted, s are not + UDP + ESP Level 2 is a cellular network, which has several middleboxes that may care about Level 3 s + UDP + GTP
18 SECURITY FOR CONTROL PROTOCOLS BECAUSE THEY CHANGE THE STATE OF THE NETWORK! CANNOT ALWAYS USE TLS OR ESP in session-location mobility, an identity must update its own location, but may not have a certificate or past history with the server control protocols can be very high-volume (DNS, routers exchanging filtering information) protocols may be too old and attackers can afford a lot of tries, guessing how to get in, because there is little risk
19 HELP FOR CONTROL PROTOCOLS at least, when updates are requested DON T ACCEPT UNSOLICITED REPLIES e.g., ARP accepts unsolicited replies to requests which are broadcast to every member of network so any member of network can reply I have requested address USE NONCES OR RANDOMIZATION TO PREVENT OFF-PATH ATTACKS attacker queries local server for cnn.com so local server may need to query another server, if no cache or old cache CHECK REPLIES FOR CREDIBILITY in the U.S., the closest cnn.com server is not in Brazil local DNS where is cnn.com? cnn.com is at my address attacker woe to those late-blooming U.S. services whose addresses are in Brazil to prevent this, server can put a nonce (random number) in a new or unused field of the request and expect the reply to carry the same information
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