Computer Hardware 6. The

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2 The The Consultation, (1990-Present) Design Table of Contents [CHAPTER] 1 j NTRODUCTON 1 [CHAPTER] Two Fundamental deas of Computer Science: Algorithms and nformation Processing 2 1,1.1 Algorithms 2 1,1.2 nformation Processing Exercises The Structure of a Modern Computer System '. Computer Hardware 6 j < Computer Software Exercises, A Not-So-BriefHistory of Computing Systems..10 *,' Before Electronic Digital Computers 11 i J First Electronic Digital Computers ( ) First ; Programming Languages ( ) ntegrated Circuits, nteraction, and Timesharing ( ) 18 j j Personal Computing and Networks ( ) 19 ti Communication, and Ubiquitous Computing ; Getting Started with Python Programming 23 J { Running Code in the nteractive Shell 23 J : nput, Processing, and Output Editing, Saving, and Running a Script 28 1,4.4 ; Behind the Scenes: How Python Works j Exercises i Detecting and Correcting Syntax Errors 31, 1.5 Exercises 32 Suggestions for Further Reading 32 Summary 33 Review Questions 35 Projects 37 * SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT, DATA TYPES, AND { EXPRESSONS The Software Development Process Exercises Case Study: ncome 'lax Calculator Request Analysis 44 f , ;: mplementation (Coding) 45 v Testing 46

3 2.3 Strings, Assignment, and Comments Data Types String Literals Escape Sequences String Concatenation j Variables and the Assignment Statement S Program Comments and Docstrings j Exercises Numeric Data Types and Character Sets ntegers Floating-Point Numbers Character Sets Exercises j Expressions Arithmetic Expressions Mixed-Mode Arithmetic and Type Conversions Exercises Using Functions and Modules 63 j j Calling Functions: Arguments and Return Values j j The math Module The Main Module 66 j Program Format and Structure Running a Script from a Terminal Command Prompt jj Exercises 70 Summary 70 Review Questions 72 Projects 73 [CHAPTER] 3!; CONTROL STATEMENTS j Definite teration: The for Loop Executing a Statement a Given Number of Times Count-Controlled Loops j Augmented Assignment Loop Errors: Off-by-One Error Traversing the Contents of a Data Sequence Specifying the Steps in the Range Loops That Count Down Exercises Formatting Text for Output Exercises Case Study: An nvestment Report f Request Analysis j Design 88 S mplementation (Coding) Testing i Selection: if and if-else Statements The Boolean Type, Comparisons, and Boolean Expressions if-else Statements 92

4 Count One-Way Selection Statements Multi-way if Statements ; Logical Operators and Compound Boolean Expressions Short-Circuit Evaluation ; Testing Selection Statements Exercises Conditional teration: The while Loop 102 j «The Structure and Behavior of a while Loop Control with a while Loop ; i The while True Loop and the break Statement Random Numbers ,! Loop Logic, Errors, and Testing Exercises Case Study: Approximating Square Roots Request f Analysis 110 J Design mplementation (Coding) ! Testing Summary Review Questions 116 Projects 118 [CHAPTER] 4 STRNGS AND TEXT FLES J Accessing Characters and Substrings in Strings The Structure of Strings The Subscript Operator }< Slicing for Substrings Testing for a Substring with the in Operator Exercises Data Encryption J Exercises Strings and Number Systems ; The Positional System for Representing Numbers J Converting Binary to Decimal Converting Decimal to Binary Conversion Shortcuts Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers Exercises String Methods Exercises J Text Files Text Files and Their Format j Writing Text to a File } Writing Numbers to a File ,4 j Reading Text from a File Reading Numbers from a File Accessing and Manipulating Files and Directories on Disk

5 [CHAPTER] j Exercises % Case Study: Text Analysis } Request Analysis t Design mplementation (Coding) Testing 152 Summary '% Review Questions Projects 156 LSTS AND DCTONARES Lists jj List Literals and Basic Operators j Replacing an Element in a List List Methods for nserting and Removing Elements f Searching a List j Sorting a List ! Mutator Methods and the Value None j Aliasing and Side Effects Equality: Object dentity and Structural Equivalence \ Example: Using a List to Find the Median of a Set of Numbers Tuples 173 Exercises 174 Defining Simple Functions \ The Syntax of Simple Function Definitions ] Parameters and Arguments The return Statement Boolean Functions > a Defining main Function 178 Exercises 179 Case Study: Generating Sentences Request Analysis Design mplementation (Coding) Testing 183 Dictionaries j Dictionary Literals Adding Keys and Replacing Values Accessing Values Removing Keys Traversing a Dictionary Example: The Hexadecimal System Revisited S Example: Finding the Mode of a List of Values Exercises 190

6 5.5 Case Study: Nondirective Psychotherapy Request \ Analysis \ Design 'i mplementation (Coding) Testing 195 Summary 195 j Review Questions 196 Projects 198 [CHAPTER] 6 j DESGN WTH FUNCTONS Functions as Abstraction Mechanisms, 202 j Functions Eliminate Redundancy j Functions Hide Complexity Functions Support General Methods with Systematic Variations t Functions Support die Division of Labor Exercises Problem Solving with Top-Down Design The Design of the Text-Analysis Program The Design of the Sentence-Generator Program The Design of the Doctor Program Exercises Design with Recursive Functions Defining a Recursive Function Tracing a Recursive Function Using Recursive Definitions to Construct Recursive Functions Recursion in Sentence Structure..214 J j nfinite Recursion ! The Costs and Benefits of Recursion Exercises J Case Study: Gathering nformation from a File System ! Request J Analysis Design j mplementation (Coding) Managing a Program's Namespace Module Variables, Parameters, and temporary Variables Scope Lifetime i Default (Keyword) Arguments Exercises Higher-Order Functions (Advanced Topic) Functions as First-Class Data ' Objects Mapping \ Filtering Reducing f Using lambda to Create Anonymous Functions Creating Jump Tables 238

7 The 6.6 [CHAPTER] [CHAPTER] Exercises 239 Summary 240 Review Questions 242 Projects 244 SMPLE GRAPHCS AND MAGE PROCESSNG 247 Simple Graphics ;! Overview of Turtle Graphics Turtle Operations Object nstantiation and the turtle Module s Drawing Two-Dimensional Shapes Taking a Random Walk Colors and the RGB System Example: Drawing with Random Colors j Examining an Object's Attributes j Manipulating a Turtle's Screen Setting up a cf g File and Running DLE 260 Exercises 261 Case Study: Recursive Patterns in Fractals Request Analysis i Design ! mplementation (Coding) 266 mage Processing Analog and Digital nformation Sampling and Digitizing mages mage File Formats mage-manipulation Operations Properties of mages The images Module s A Loop Pattern for Traversing a Grid A Word on Tuples Converting an mage to Black and White Converting an mage to Grayscale j Copying an mage : Blurring an mage Edge Detection Reducing the mage Size 282 Exercises 284 Summary 285 Review Questions 286 Projects 288 DESGN WTH CLASSES 293 Getting nside Objects and Classes i A First Example: The Student Class i Docstrings Method Definitions 298

8 Design f \ The init Method and nstance Variables i The _str_ Method \ Accessors and Mutators : The Lifetime of Objects 301 < Rules ofthumb for Defining a Simple Class Exercises Case Study: Playing the Game of Craps Request 303 "' Analysis ; ', mplementation (Coding) Data-Modeling Examples f Rational Numbers l Rational Number Arithmetic and Operator Overloading ! Comparison Methods 312 j Equality and die eq Method * Savings Accounts and Class Variables J Putting the Accounts into a Bank 317 S 8,3.7 \ Using pickle for Permanent Storage of Objects nput of Objects and the try-except Statement i Playing Cards Exercises Case Study: An ATM 325 8,4.1 \ Request i Analysis Design ; mplementation (Coding) f Structuring Classes with nheritance and Polymorphism ,1 nheritance Hierarchies and Modeling } Example: A Restricted Savings Account 333 ' Example; The Dealer and a Player in the Game of Blackjack Polymorphic Methods Abstract Classes ; The Costs and Benefits ofobject-oriented Programming Exercises 343 Summary 343 Review Questions 345 Projects 34d [CHAPTER] 9 j GRAPHCAL USER NTERFACES The Behavior of Terminal-Based Programs and GU-Based Programs The Terminal-Based Version The GU-Based Version ,3 Event-Driven Programming Exercises Coding Simple GU-Based Programs Windows and Labels j Displaying mages Command Buttons and Responding to Events { Viewing the mages of Playing Cards 360