Preparing for AS Level Further Mathematics

Transcription

1 Preparing for AS Level Further Mathematics Algebraic skills are incredibly important in the study of further mathematics at AS and A level. You should therefore make sure you are confident with all of the content in the maths SIL and are able to tackle the hardest questions at the end of each eercise. Questions of this type will be included on the initial further maths assessment. In addition, this booklet provides eamples and five more eercises on two more topics that form the foundation for much of the further maths content: trigonometry and graphs. Again, you are advised to spend around an hour on each of the five sections, reading the eamples carefully and applying these efficient methods to the questions in the eercises. Complete the work on lined paper, showing well structured algebraic methods, and marking your own work using the answers at the end of the booklet. Again, you do not need to complete every question in every eercise but should make sure you get enough practice with both the skills themselves, and with setting out your reasoning clearly and logically. The initial test in September will be based on these topics. Your teacher will also want to see the work you have done over summer during the first week of lessons.

2 Trigonometry The following two aspects are worth emphasising at this stage..1 Trigonometric Equations You can of course get one solution to an equation such as sin = 0.5 from your calculator. But what about others? Eample 1 Solve the equation sin = 0.5 for 0 < 360. Solution The calculator gives sin 1 (0.5) = 30. This is usually called the principal value of the function sin 1. To get a second solution you can either use a graph or a standard rule. Method 1: Use the graph of y = sin By drawing the line y = -0.5 on the same set of aes as the graph of the sine curve, points of intersection can be identified in the range 0 < 360. y = sin y = 0.5 = 30 = 10 = 330 (The red arrows each indicate 30 to one side or the other.) Hence the required solutions are 10 or 330.

3 Method : Use an algebraic rule. To find the second solution you use sin (180 ) = sin tan (180 + ) = tan cos (360 ) = cos. Any further solutions are obtained by adding or subtracting 360 from the principal value or the second solution. In this eample the principal solution is 30. Therefore, as this equation involves sine, the second solution is: 30 is not in the required range, so add 360 to get: Hence the required solutions are 10 or ( 30) = ( 30) = 330. You should decide which method you prefer. The corresponding graphs for cos and tan are shown below. y = cos

4 y = tan To solve equations of the form y = sin (k), you will epect to get k solutions in any interval of 360. You can think of compressing the graphs, or of using a wider initial range. Eample Solve the equation sin 3 = 0.5 for 0 < 360. Solution Method 1: Use the graph. The graph of y = sin 3 is the same as the graph of y = sin but compressed by a factor of 3 (the period is 10 ). The calculator gives sin 1 (0.5) = 30, so the principal solution is given by 3 = 30 = 10. The vertical lines on the graph below are at multiples of 60. So you can see from the graph that the other solutions are 50, 130, 170, 50 and 90.

5 y = 0.5 y = sin 3 Method : The principal value of 3 is sin 1 (0.5) = 30. Therefore 3 = 30 or = 150, or or or or = 30, 150, 390, 510, 750, 870 = 10, 50, 130, 170, 50, 90. Notice that with Method you have to look at values of 3 in the range 0 to 1080 (= 3 360), which is somewhat non-intuitive.

6 Eercise.1 1 Solve the following equations for 0 < 360. Give your answers to the nearest 0.1. (a) sin = 0.9 (b) cos = 0.6 (c) tan = (d) sin = 0.4 (e) cos = 0.5 (f) tan = 3 Solve the following equations for 180 < 180. Give your answers to the nearest 0.1. (a) sin = 0.9 (b) cos = 0.6 (c) tan = (d) sin = 0.4 (e) cos = 0.5 (f) tan = 3 3 Solve the following equations for 0 < 360. Give your answers to the nearest 0.1. (a) sin = 0.89 (b) cos 3 = (c) tan 4 =.05 (d) 1 sin 0.8 (e) 1 cos 0.3 (f) 1 tan 0.7 3

7 . Other Trigonometric Methods Suppose that you are told that sin is eactly. Assuming that is between 0 and 90, you 3 can find the eact values of cos and tan by drawing a right-angled triangle in which the opposite side and the hypotenuse are and 3 respectively: 3 Now Pythagoras s Theorem tells you that the third, adjacent, side is 3 5. Hence cos = 5 and tan =. 3 5 This is preferable to using a calculator as the calculator does not always give eact values for this type of calculation. (Calculators can in general not handle irrational numbers eactly, although many are programmed to do so in simple cases.) A further skill is being able to write down the lengths of the opposite and adjacent sides quickly when you know the hypotenuse. Some students like to do this using the sine rule, but it is not advisable to rely on the sine rule, especially in the mechanics section of A Level mathematics. Eample 1 Find the lengths of the opposite and adjacent sides in this triangle. 1 cm 38 Solution Call the opposite and adjacent sides y and respectively. Then sin 38 = 1 y so y = 1 sin 38 = 7.39 cm (3 sf). cos 38 = 1 so = 1 cos 38 = 9.46 cm (3 sf). It should become almost automatic that the opposite side is (hypotenuse) sin (angle) and that the adjacent side is (hypotenuse) cos (angle). If you always have to work these out slowly you will find your progress, in mechanics in particular, is hindered.

8 Eercise. Do not use a calculator in this eercise. 1 In this question is in the range 0 < 90. (a) (b) (c) Given that Given that Given that 1 sin, find the eact values of cos and tan tan, find the eact values of sin and cos. 7 5 cos, find the eact values of sin and tan. 8 Find epressions, of the form a sin or b cos, for the sides labelled with letters in these triangles. (a) 0 cm p (b) r 5.6 cm s 3 6 q t (c) 10 cm 17 u (d) 8.4 cm 0 v w

9 3 Graphs No doubt you will have plotted many graphs of functions such as y = by working out the coordinates of points and plotting them on graph paper. But it is actually much more useful for A Level mathematics (and beyond) to be able to sketch the graph of a function. It might sound less challenging to be asked to draw a rough sketch than to plot an accurate graph, but in fact the opposite is true. The point is that in order to draw a quick sketch you have to understand the basic shape and some simple features of the graph, whereas to plot a graph you need very little understanding. Many professional mathematicians do much of their basic thinking in terms of shapes of graphs, and you will be more in control of your work, and understand it better, if you can do this too. When you sketch a graph you are not looking for eact coordinates or scales. You are simply conveying the essential features: the basic shape where the graph hits the aes what happens towards the edges of your graph The actual scale of the graph is irrelevant. For instance, it doesn t matter what the y-coordinates are. 3.1 Straight line graphs I am sure that you are very familiar with the equation of a straight line in the form y = m + c, and you have probably practised converting to and from the forms a + by + k = 0 or a + by = k, usually with a, b and k are integers. You need to be fluent in moving from one form to the other. The first step is usually to get rid of fractions by multiplying both sides by a common denominator. Eample 1 Write 3 y in the form a + by + k = 0, where a, b and k are integers. 5 Solution Multiply both sides by 5: 5y = 3 10 Subtract 5y from both sides: 0 = 3 5y 10 or 3 5y 10 = 0 In the first line it is a very common mistake to forget to multiply the by 5. It is a bit easier to get everything on the right instead of on the left of the equals sign, and this reduces the risk of making sign errors.

10 In plotting or sketching lines whose equations are written in the form a + by = k, it is useful to use the cover-up rule: Eample Draw the graph of 3 + 4y = 4. Solution Put your finger over the 3. You see 4y = 4. This means that the line hits the y-ais at (0, 6). Repeat for the 4y. You see 3 = 4. This means that the line hits the -ais at (8, 0). [NB: not the point (8, 6)!] Mark these points in on the aes. y (0, 6) Eercise 3.1 You can now draw the graph. 1 Rearrange the following in the form a + by + c = 0 or a + by = c as convenient, where a, b and c are integers and a > 0. (a) y = 3 (b) 1 y 3 (8, 0) (c) 3 y (d) 7 5 y (e) 3 y (f) 4 y Rearrange the following in the form y = m + c. Hence find the gradient and the y-intercept of each line. (a) + y = 8 (b) 4 y + 9 = 0 (c) + 5y = 10 (d) 3y = 15 (e) + 3y + 1 = 0 (f) 5 y = 0 (g) 3 + 5y = 17 (h) 7 4y + 18 = 0 3 Sketch the following lines. Show on your sketches the coordinates of the intercepts of each line with the -ais and with the y-ais. (a) + y = 8 (b) + 5y = 10 (c) + 3y = 1 (d) 3 + 5y = 30 (e) 3 y = 1 (f) 4 + 5y + 0 = 0

11 3. Basic shapes of curved graphs You need to know the names of standard types of epressions, and the graphs associated with them. (a) The graph of a quadratic function (e.g. y = ) is a parabola: Notes: Parabolas are symmetric about a vertical line. They are not U-shaped, so the sides never reach the vertical. Neither do they dip outwards at the ends. These are wrong: Version 1 11 OCR 017

12 (b) The graph of a cubic function (e.g. y = ) has no particular name; it s usually referred to simply as a cubic graph. It can take several possible shapes: (c) The graph of a number y is a hyperbola: The graph of a hyperbola gets closer and closer to the aes without ever actually touching them. This is called asymptotic behaviour, and the aes are referred to as the asymptotes of this graph.

13 (d) a number The graph of y is similar (but not identical) to a hyperbola to the right but is in a different quadrant to the left: (e) Graphs of higher even powers (f) Graphs of higher odd powers y = 4 (y = 6 etc. are similar): y = 5 (y = 7 etc. are similar):

14 Which way up? This is determined by the sign of the highest power. If the sign is positive, the right-hand side is (eventually) above the -ais. This is because for big values of the highest power dominates the epression. (If = 1000, 3 is bigger than 50 ). Eamples y = 3 1 y = 10 These are often referred to (informally!) as happy and sad parabolas respectively. y = 3 3 y = 5

15 Eercise 3. Sketch (do not plot) the general shape of the graphs of the following curves. Aes are not required but can be included in the questions marked with an asteri. 1 y = 3 + y = y = 1 4 y = ( )( + 4) 5 y = (3 )( + ) 6 y = (1 )(5 ) 7 y = 3 8 y = 3 9* 3 y 10* y 11 y = ( )( 3)( + 1) 1* y 13 Sketch on the same aes the general shape of the graphs of y = and y = Sketch on the same aes the general shape of the graphs of y = 3 and y = 5.

16 3.3 Factors Factors are crucial when curve-sketching. They tell you where the curve meets the -ais. Do not multiply out brackets! Eample Sketch the graph of y = ( )( + 3). Solution The graph is a positive (happy!) parabola so start by drawing the correct shape with a horizontal ais across it. The factors tell you that it hits the -ais at = 3 and =. 3 Mark these on your sketch: and only now put in the y-ais, which is clearly slightly nearer than 3: 3 Note: the lowest point on the graph is not on the y-ais. (Because the graph is symmetric, it is at = 1.)

17 Repeated factors Suppose you want to sketch y = ( 1) ( + ). You know there is an intercept at =. At = 1 the graph touches the aes, as if it were the graph of y = ( 1) there. [More precisely, it is very like y = 3( 1) there. That is because, close to = 1, the ( 1) factor changes rapidly, while ( + ) remains close to 3.] Likewise, the graph of y = ( + )( 1) 3 looks like y = ( 1) 3 close to = 1. [Again, more precisely, it is very like y = 3( 1) 3 there.]

18 Eercise 3.3 Sketch the curves in questions 1 1. Use a different diagram for each. Show the -coordinates of the intersections with the -ais. 1 y = y = ( 1)( 3) 3 y = ( + )( 4) 4 y = ( 3) 5 y = ( + )(3 ) 6 y = (4 + 3) 7 y = ( 3) 8 y = ( )( + 1) 9 y = (3 )( + ) 10 y = ( + )( 1)( 4) 11 y = ( 1)( + ) 1 y = ( 1)( + ) 13 y = (3 )( )(1 ) 14 y = ( 1) ( 3) 15 y = ( 1)( 3) 16 y = ( + 1) 3 17 y = ( )( + 1) 3 18 y = ( + 1)( + )( 1)( ) 19 y = ( + 3)( + )( 1)( 4) 0 y = ( ) ( + ) 1 y = ( 1)( ) ( 3) 3 (a) Sketch the graph of y =. (b) (c) Sketch y = on the same aes. Sketch y = + 1 on the same aes. 3 (a) Sketch the graph of y =. (b) Sketch y = on the same aes. 4 (a) Sketch the graph of 1 y. (b) Sketch 1 y 1 on the same aes.

19 1 5 (a) Sketch the graph of y. (b) Sketch y on the same aes. 6 (a) Sketch the graph of y = 3. (b) Sketch y = 3 on the same aes. 7 (a) Sketch the graph of y = 4. (b) Sketch y = 3 4 on the same aes. 8 (a) Sketch the graph of y = 3 4. [Hint: It cuts the -ais at, 0 and.] (b) Sketch y = 3 8 on the same aes. 9 (a) Sketch the graph of y = 4. [Hint: It cuts the -ais at 1 and 1, and touches the ais at 0.] (b) Sketch y = 4 + on the same aes. 30 Sketch, on separate aes, the following graphs. Show the -coordinates of the intersections with the -ais. (a) y = 4 (b) y = ( )( + 1) (c) y = ( )( + 1) (d) y = ( + 4) (e) y = ( ) (f) y = ( + 1) (g) y = (1 )( + )

20 Answers, hints and comments Eercise.1 1 (a) 64., (b) 53.1, (c) 63.4, 43.4 (d) 03.6, (e) 10, 40 (f) 108.4, 88.4 (a) 64., (b) 53.1, 53.1 (c) 63.4, (d) 3.6, (e) 10, 10 (f) 71.5, (a) 8, 6, 08, 4 (b) 1, 99, 141, 19, 61, 339 (c) 16, 61, 106, 151, 196, 41, 86, 331 (d) 106., 53.7 (e) (f) 105 Eercise. 1 (a) 5 13, 1 5 (b) 6 85, 7 85 (c) 39 8, 39 5 (a) p = 0 sin 6, q = 0 cos 6 (b) r = 5.6 sin 3, s = 5.6 cos 3 (c) t = 10 sin 17, u = 10 cos 17 (d) v = 8.4 cos 0, w = 8.4 sin 0 Eercise (a) 3 y = (b) y + 6 = 0 (c) 3 + 4y = 1 (d) 14 4y = 5 (e) 8 + 1y = 9 (f) 1 1y = 14 (a) y = + 8;, 8 (b) y = 4 + 9; 4, 9 (c) 1 y ; 1, (d) 1 y ; 1, (e) y 3 4 ;, 4 (f) 5 3 y 10 ; 5, 10 (g) 3 17 y 5 5 ; 3, 17 (h) y 4 ; 7, 9 4

21 3 (a) (b) y y (c) (d) y y (e) (f) y y

22 Eercise

23 red: y = blue: y = 4 red: y = 3 blue: y = 5

24 Eercise ⅔ ¾

25

26 [In this graph in particular, do NOT worry about the y-coordinates of the minimum points.]

27 red: y = blue: y = purple: y = red: y = blue: y = 4 red: 1 y blue: 1 y 1 blue dotted: y = 1 [horizontal asymptote] 5 red: y 1 blue: y

28 6 red: y = 3 blue: y = 3 7 red: y = 4 blue: y = red: y = 3 4 blue: y = 3 8

29 9 red: y = 4 blue: y = (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

30 (g) NOTE: in parts (b), (c) and (g) in particular, the maimum or minimum point is not on the y-ais. We d like to know your view on the resources we produce. By clicking on Like or Dislike you can help us to ensure that our resources work for you. When the template pops up please add additional comments if you wish and then just click Send. Thank you. Whether you already offer OCR qualifications, are new to OCR, or are considering switching from your current provider/awarding organisation, you can request more information by completing the Epression of Interest form which can be found here: Looking for a resource? There is now a quick and easy search tool to help find free resources for your qualification: OCR Resources: the small print OCR s resources are provided to support the delivery of OCR qualifications, but in no way constitute an endorsed teaching method that is required by the Board, and the decision to use them lies with the individual teacher. Whilst every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the content, OCR cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions within these resources. OCR This resource may be freely copied and distributed, as long as the OCR logo and this message remain intact and OCR is acknowledged as the originator of this work. OCR acknowledges the use of the following content: Adapted from materials written for St Paul s School, London SW13 9JT. Please get in touch if you want to discuss the accessibility of resources we offer to support delivery of our qualifications: resources.feedback@ocr.org.uk