WRITING AND GRAPHING LINEAR EQUATIONS ON A FLAT SURFACE #1313

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1 WRITING AND GRAPHING LINEAR EQUATIONS ON A FLAT SURFACE #11 SLOPE is a number that indicates the steepness (or flatness) of a line, as well as its direction (up or down) left to right. SLOPE is determined b the ratio: vertical change horizontal change between an two points on a line. For lines that go up (from left to right), the sign of the slope is positive. For lines that go down (left to right), the sign of the slope is negative. An linear equation written as = m + b, where m and b are an real numbers, is said to be in SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM. m is the SLOPE of the line. b is the Y-INTERCEPT, that is, the point (0, b) where the line intersects (crosses) the -ais. If two lines have the same slope, then the are parallel. Likewise, PARALLEL LINES have the same slope. Two lines are PERPENDICULAR if the slope of one line is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the other line, that is, m and! 1 m. Note that m! "1 ( m ) = "1. Eamples: and! 1,! and, 4 and! 4 Two distinct lines that are not parallel intersect in a single point. See "Solving Linear Sstems" to review how to find the point of intersection. Also see the tetbook, pages 0, 8, 91, 98, 01, 07-08, and 14. Eample 1 Write the slope of the line containing the points (-1, ) and (4, ). First graph the two points and draw the line through them. (4,) Look for and draw a slope triangle using the two given points. Write the ratio triangle:. vertical change in horizontal change in using the legs of the right (-1,) Assign a positive or negative value to the slope (this one is positive) depending on whether the line goes up (+) or down ( ) from left to right. If the points are inconvenient to graph, use a "Generic Slope Triangle", visualizing where the points lie with respect to each other. 6 Etra Practice 006 CPM Educational Program. All rights reserved.

2 Eample Graph the linear equation = Using = m + b, the slope in = is 4 7 and the -intercept is the point (0, ). To graph, begin at the vertical change -intercept (0, ). Remember that slope is horizontal change so go up 4 units (since 4 is positive) from (0, ) and then move right 7 units. This gives a second point on the graph. To create the graph, draw a straight line through the two points Eample A line has a slope of 4 and passes through (, ). What is the equation of the line? Using = m + b, write = + b. Since (, ) represents a point (, ) on the line, 4 substitute for and for, = ( 4 ) + b, and solve for b. = b! " 9 4 = b! " 1 4 = b. The equation is = 4! 1 4. Eample 4 Decide whether the two lines at right are parallel, perpendicular, or neither (i.e., intersecting). First find the slope of each equation. Then compare the slopes. 4 = -6 and -4 + =. 4 = -6-4 = - 6 = = 4 + The slope of this line is = = 4 + = 4 + = 4 + The slope of this line is 4. These two slopes are not equal, so the are not parallel. The product of the two slopes is 1, not -1, so the are not perpendicular. These two lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular, but do intersect. ALGEBRA Connections CPM Educational Program. All rights reserved.

3 Eample Find two equations of the line through the given point, one parallel and one perpendicular to the given line: =! + and (-4, ). For the parallel line, use = m + b with the same slope to write =! + b. Substitute the point ( 4, ) for and and solve for b. =! (!4) + b " = 0 + b "! = b Therefore the parallel line through (-4, ) is =!!. For the perpendicular line, use = m + b where m is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the original equation to write = + b. Substitute the point ( 4, ) and solve for b. = (!4) + b " = b Therefore the perpendicular line through (-4, ) is = +. Write the slope of the line containing each pair of points. 1. (, 4) and (, 7). (, ) and (9, 4). (1, -) and (-4, 7) 4. (-, 1) and (, -). (-, ) and (4, ) 6. (8, ) and (, ) Use a Generic Slope Triangle to write the slope of the line containing each pair of points: 7. (1, 40) and (, 7) 8. (0, 49) and (4, 90) 9. (10, -1) and (-61, 0) Identif the -intercept in each equation. 10. = =!! 1. + = 1 1. = = = 1 Write the equation of the line with: 16. slope = 1 and passing through (4, ). 17. slope = and passing through (-, -). 18. slope = - 1 and passing through (4, -1). 19. slope = -4 and passing through (-, ). 8 Etra Practice 006 CPM Educational Program. All rights reserved.

4 Determine the slope of each line using the highlighted points Using the slope and -intercept, determine the equation of the line Graph the following linear equations on graph paper. 7. = = = 4 0. = = 1 State whether each pair of lines is parallel, perpendicular, or intersecting.. = and = + 4. = 1 + and = = and + =. = -1 and + = 6. + = 6 and =! 1! 7. + = 6 and + = = and 4 = = 1 and 4 = + 7 Find an equation of the line through the given point and parallel to the given line. 40. = and (-, ) 41. = 1 + and (-4, ) 4. = and (-, ) 4. = -1 and (-, 1) = 6 and (-1, 1) 4. + = 6 and (, -1) = and (1, -1) = 1 and (4, -) ALGEBRA Connections CPM Educational Program. All rights reserved.

5 Find an equation of the line through the given point and perpendicular to the given line. 48. = and (-, ) 49. = 1 + and (-4, ) 0. = and (-, ) 1. = -1 and (-, 1). + = 6 and (-1, 1). + = 6 and (, -1) 4. 4 = and (1, -1). 4 = 1 and (4, -) Write an equation of the line parallel to each line below through the given point (-,) - (,8) (-8,6) (-,) - (7,4) - (-,-7) - 0 Etra Practice 006 CPM Educational Program. All rights reserved.

6 Answers ! ! 16 9 ( ) 10. (0, ) 11. 0,! 4.! (0, 6) 1. (0, 1) 14. (0, ) 1. (0, ) 16. = = 18. =! =!4! 7 0.! =! 4. =! +. = =! line with slope 1 and -intercept (0, ) 8. line with slope! and -intercept (0, 1) 9. line with slope 4 and -intercept (0, 0)! 0. line with slope 6 and -intercept # 0, 1 $ & 1. line with slope! " % and -intercept (0, 6). parallel. perpendicular 4. perpendicular. perpendicular 6. parallel 7. intersecting 8. intersecting 9. parallel 40. = = = + 4. = = = = = = = = = - 1. = + 4. = 7 6. = = = = ALGEBRA Connections CPM Educational Program. All rights reserved.

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