Computational Fluid Dynamic Hydraulic Characterization: G3 Cube vs. Dolos Armour Unit. IS le Roux, WJS van der Merwe & CL de Wet
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1 Computational Fluid Dynamic Hydraulic Characterization: G3 Cube vs. Dolos Armour Unit IS le Roux, WJS van der Merwe & CL de Wet
2 Presentation Outline Scope. Assumptions and boundary values. Numerical mesh. G3 Cube Armour Unit Dolos Armour Unit Conclusion
3 Scope The aim of this project is to: Perform a hydraulic design review of G3 Universal s G3 Cube concrete armour unit. Compare the energy dissipation capacity of the G3 Cube to similarly sized Dolos armour units. A typical rubble mound breakwater structure is used to evaluate the dynamic response of both breakwaters subjected to a theoretical wave. Energy dissipation efficiency is evaluated using the following parameters: Elevation of the run-up tip. The force acting on the underlayer. 5 th ORDER CNOIDAL WAVE
4 Model extent Generic rubble mound breakwater structure. Only considered the seaward side. Armour layer 1:1.5 slope. Armour layer 2m deep. Armour layer 20.6m in length (parallel to underlayer slope) m 5.69m SEA WATER LEVEL 0.0m SEA FLOOR COMBINED CORE & UNDERLAYER
5 Model extent 5m wide section of the breakwater mound modelled. Side boundaries modelled as zero-shear walls. 30m lead-up.
6 G3 Cube armour layer packing G3 Cube dimensions. 1m x 1m x 1m. Layered 2 layers deep. Neighbouring layers staggered by half a pitch. Side View Front View
7 Dolos armour layer packing Dolos characteristic length 1m (waist ratio 0.32). Discrete Element Method (DEM) used to obtain randomly packed Dolos armour layer. Each DEM Dolos represented as a 209 sphere composite particle. Once settled, composite particle bed replaced by actual CAD Dolos representations in the same orientations and locations.
8 Assumptions & model setup The Volume of Fluids (VOF) multiphase modelling approach. Used to model systems containing two or more immiscible fluid phases, where each phase constitutes a large structure within the system (such as typical free surface flows). Captures the movement of the interface between the fluid phases. VOF model utilizes an Eulerian (as opposed to a Lagrangian) framework in its formulation.
9 Assumptions & model setup Shallow 5 th order Cnoidal wave used as input. Wave parameters: Wave height 4m. Water depth 5.69m. Wave period 20s. Wave length m. Liquid phase density kg/m 3. Gaseous phase density kg/m 3.
10 Numerical mesh G3 Cube numerical grid consist out of ~3 million polyhedral volume elements. Mesh features local refinement: Regions featuring close proximity. Regions featuring strong curvature.
11 Numerical mesh Dolos numerical grid consist out of ~3 million polyhedral volume elements. Mesh features local refinement: Regions featuring close proximity. Regions featuring strong curvature.
12 Volume rendering of the liquid phase volume fraction, tracking free surface. G3 Cube armour layer.
13 Volume rendering of the liquid phase volume fraction, tracking free surface. Dolos armour layer.
14 Side view plane section cutting through the middle of the computational domain showing volume fraction of water (top) and the liquid phase velocity magnitude (bottom). G3 Cube. Liquid volume fraction shown on underlayer surface.
15 Side view plane section cutting through the middle of the computational domain showing volume fraction of water (top) and the liquid phase velocity magnitude (bottom). Dolos. Liquid volume fraction shown on underlayer surface.
16 Pressure distribution shown on both the underlayer sloped surface and the armour unit s surface. Force components in the X- and Z-directions monitored. G3 Cube.
17 Pressure distribution shown on both the underlayer sloped surface and the armour unit s surface. Force components in the X- and Z-directions monitored. Dolos.
18 G3 Cube. Net force in the X-direction (aligned with wave direction), calculated using the following components: Slope Underlayer sloped surface. Armour Wetted surface of the armour units. Total Slope and Armour force summations combined. Combined ~12s. Armour/Surface contact profile
19 G3 Cube. Net force in the Z-direction (normal to wave direction), calculated using the following components: Slope Underlayer sloped surface. Armour Wetted surface of the armour units. Total Slope and Armour force summations combined. Combined ~12.5s. Armour/Surface contact profile
20 Dolos. Net force in the X-direction (aligned with wave direction), calculated using the following components: Slope Underlayer sloped surface. Armour Wetted surface of the armour units. Total Slope and Armour force summations combined. Combined ~12s. Armour/Surface contact profile
21 Dolos. Net force in the Z-direction (aligned with wave direction), calculated using the following components: Slope Underlayer sloped surface. Armour Wetted surface of the armour units. Total Slope and Armour force summations combined. Combined ~12.75s. Armour/Surface contact profile
22 G3 Cube. Run-up peak reaches maximum of 13.83m after ~13.8s. Entire free surface considered. Rubble mound structure top surface at 12.89m. To evaluate resistance to drainage, the front 10% of the free surface (in terms of X- coordinate) is isolated and filtered to discount the portion of the surface with an Z-coordinate not deviating more than 2 times the standard deviation of the Z-coordinate distribution.
23 Only the portion of the free surface used in the filtered maximum calculation is coloured. G3 Cube.
24 Dolos. Run-up peak reaches maximum of 13.32m after ~13.9s. Entire free surface considered. Rubble mound structure top surface at 12.89m. To evaluate resistance to drainage, the front 10% of the free surface (in terms of X- coordinate) is isolated and filtered to discount the portion of the surface with an Z-coordinate not deviating more than 2 times the standard deviation of the Z-coordinate distribution.
25 Only the portion of the free surface used in the filtered maximum calculation is coloured. Dolos
26 G3 Cube. Filtered maximum water level at 10.98m after 20s.
27 Dolos. Filtered maximum water level at 8.89m after 20s.
28 Conclusion Based on the simulations that have been performed and bearing in mind the assumptions that have been made, it is clear that both the G3 Cube and Dolos armour units effectively dissipate energy as the predefined wave impacts the rubble mound breakwater structure. The internal flow path featured in the unstructured Dolos armour layer however represents a much lower resistance to the flow, resulting in a higher run-up tip level and slower drainage after the wave has passed. G3 Peak Peak G3 20s 20s
29 Conclusion The structured G3 Cube armour layer features a much smoother top surface. The result is a much less chaotic progression along the armour layer as the wave impacts the breakwater structure. The wave considered did not produce any spraying over the top of the breakwater structure. As shown below, the unstructured Dolos armour layer produced some spray at the top of the breakwater mound. Spray over the breakwater top.
30 Conclusion The force measurement in X-direction (parallel to the wave motion) revealed the following: Lower armour layer internal flow resistance results in much larger force measurement on the wetted underlayer slope surface for the Dolos case. Incorporating the armour units into the force calculation reveals a 7.2% larger total net force peak for the Dolos case.
31 Conclusion The force measurement in Z-direction (normal to the wave motion) revealed the following: Lower armour layer internal flow resistance results in much larger force measurement on the wetted underlayer slope surface for the Dolos case. Incorporating the armour units into the force calculation reveals a 15.2% larger total net force peak for the Dolos case.
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