Prof. Feng Liu. Spring /17/2017. With slides by F. Durand, Y.Y. Chuang, R. Raskar, and C.

Transcription

1 Prof. Feng Liu Spring /17/2017 With slides by F. Durand, Y.Y. Chuang, R. Raskar, and C. Rother

2 Last Time Image segmentation Normalized cut and segmentation 2

3 Today Segmentation Interactive image segmentation Magic Wand (Photoshop) Intelligent Scissors Mortensen and Barrett (1995) GrabCut Rother et al User Input Result Images from Rother et al

4 Start Segmentation Interactive image segmentation Images from Sun et al

5 Segmentation by Graph Cut Interactive image segmentation using graph cut Binary label: foreground vs. background User labels some pixels usually sparser F F B Exploit F F B Statistics of known Fg & Bg Smoothness of label F B B Turn into discrete graph optimization Graph cut (min cut / max flow) Slide credit: Y.Y. Chuang 5

6 Energy function Segmentation as Labeling one value per pixel, F or B Energy(labeling) = data + smoothness Very general situation Will be minimized Data: for each pixel Probability that this color belongs to F (resp. B) Smoothness (aka regularization): per neighboring pixel pair Penalty for having different label Penalty is down-weighted if the two pixel colors are very different Similar in spirit to bilateral filter One labeling (ok, not best) Smoothness Data Slide credit: F. Durand 6

7 Data term A.k.a regional term (because integrated over full region) D(L)= i -log h[l i ](C i ) Where i is a pixel L i is the label at i (F or B), C i is the pixel value h[l i ] is the histogram of the observed Fg (resp Bg) Note the minus sign Slide credit: F. Durand 7

8 Hard constraints The user has provided some labels The quick and dirty way to include constraints into optimization is to replace the data term by a huge penalty if not respected. D(L_i)=0 if respected D(L_i)=K if not respected e.g. K= #pixels Slide credit: F. Durand 8

9 Smoothness term a.k.a boundary term, a.k.a. regularization S(L)= {j, i} in N B(C i,c j ) (L i -L j ) Where i,j are neighbors e.g. 8-neighborhood (but I show 4 for simplicity) (L i -L j ) is 0 if L i =L j, 1 otherwise B(C i,c j ) is high when C i and C j are similar, low if there is a discontinuity between those two pixels e.g. exp(- C i -C j 2 /2 2 ) where can be a constant or the local variance Note positive sign Slide credit: F. Durand 9

10 Optimization E(L)=D(L)+ S(L) is a black-magic constant Find the labeling that minimizes E In this case, how many possibilities? 2 9 (512) We can try them all! What about megapixel images? Slide credit: F. Durand 10

11 Labeling as a graph problem Each pixel = node Add two nodes F & B Labeling: link each pixel to either F or B F Desired result Slide credit: F. Durand B 11

12 Data term Put one edge between each pixel and F & B Weight of edge = minus data term Don t forget huge weight for hard constraints Careful with sign F Slide credit: F. Durand B 12

13 Smoothness term Add an edge between each neighbor pair Weight = smoothness term F Slide credit: F. Durand B 13

14 Min cut Energy optimization equivalent to min cut Cut: remove edges to disconnect F from B Minimum: minimize sum of cut edge weight F cut Slide credit: F. Durand B 14

15 Min cut <=> labeling In order to be a cut: For each pixel, either the F or G edge has to be cut In order to be minimal Only one edge label per pixel can be cut (otherwise could be added) F cut Slide credit: F. Durand B 15

16 Computing a multiway cut With 2 labels: classical min-cut problem Solvable by standard flow algorithms polynomial time in theory, nearly linear in practice Code: C++ from OpenCV Matlab wrapper: More than 2 terminals: NP-hard [Dahlhaus et al., STOC 92] Code: Efficient approximation algorithms exist Within a factor of 2 of optimal Computes local minimum in a strong sense even very large moves will not improve the energy Yuri Boykov, Olga Veksler and Ramin Zabih, Fast Approximate Energy Minimization via Graph Cuts, International Conference on Computer Vision, September Slide credit: Y.Y. Chuang 16

17 GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction using Iterated Graph Cuts Carsten Rother Vladimir Kolmogorov Andrew Blake Microsoft Research Cambridge-UK

18 Photomontage GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction 1

19 Framework Input: Image Output: Segmentation Parameters: Colour,Coherence Energy: Optimization: GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction 4

20 Graph Cuts Boykov and Jolly (2001) Image Foreground (source) Min Cut Background (sink) Cut: separating source and sink; Energy: collection of edges Min Cut: Global minimal enegry in polynomial time GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction 5

21 Iterated Graph Cut? User Initialisation K-means for learning colour distributions Graph cuts to infer the segmentation GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction 6

22 Iterated Graph Cuts Result Energy after each Iteration GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction 7

23 Colour Model R Foreground & Background Iterated graph cut R Foreground Background G Background G Gaussian Mixture Model (typically 5-8 components) GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction 8

24 Coherence Model An object is a coherent set of pixels: Blake et al. (2004): Learn jointly GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction 9

25 Moderately straightforward examples GrabCut completes automatically GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction 10

26 Difficult Examples Camouflage & Low Contrast Fine structure No telepathy Initial Rectangle Initial Result GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction 11

27 Evaluation Labelled Database Available online: GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction 12

28 Comparison Boykov and Jolly (2001) GrabCut User Input Result Error Rate: 1.87% 1.81% 1.32% 1.25% 0.72% Error Rate: 0.72% GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction 13

29 Summary Magic Wand (198?) Intelligent Scissors Mortensen and Barrett (1995) Graph Cuts Boykov and Jolly (2001) LazySnapping Li et al. (2004) GrabCut Rother et al. (2004) GrabCut Interactive Foreground Extraction 22

30 Interactive Digital Photomontage Combining multiple photos Find seams using graph cuts Combine gradients and integrate Aseem Agarwala, Mira Dontcheva, Maneesh Agrawala, Steven Drucker, Alex Colburn, Brian Curless, David Salesin, Michael Cohen, Interactive Digital Photomontage, SIGGRAPH 2004 Slide credit: Y.Y. Chuang 30

31 Slide credit: Y.Y. Chuang 31

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37 set of originals photomontage Slide credit: Y.Y. Chuang 37

38 Source images Brush strokes Computed labeling Composite Slide credit: Y.Y. Chuang 38

39 Brush strokes Computed labeling Slide credit: Y.Y. Chuang 39

40 Next Time Matting 40