Using modern colour difference formulae in the graphic arts
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- Arthur Ethelbert Willis
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1 Using modern colour difference formulae in the graphic arts Funded project: Evaluating modern colour difference formulae. AiF-Nr.: N 1
2 Agenda 1. Graphic arts image assessment 2. Impact of the background (and surround) 3. Modern Colour difference formulae 4. Experiment: Fogra-Roses 5. Summary & Out view 2
3 1. Image appraisal in the graphic arts Image appraisal:... visual comparison of an original with a reproduction aiming for close match. Contrast [local and global] Detail sharpness [Resolution] Colour differences Tone Uniformity only few objective assessments Source: bvdm more Vorne links ein bisschen freundlicher! friendly Hinten Here more mehr Magenta, Cyan, or vorne less eher black weniger!(?).. that lasts... Das dauert! 3
4 1. Current Problems Established tolerances are based on pass/fail (technical realizability) and provides little visual meaning The established meanings of CIELAB 1976 colour differences are not very practical (see Table) Established CIELAB 1976 does overrate yellow and underestimate grey areas... ΔE * ab Perceived difference 0/0/100/0 0/0/90/0 < 1 normally not visible ΔE = 8 1 and 2 small differences 2 and 3,5 average differences ΔE = 1,5 3,5 and 5 well detectable differences typical colour deviations 0/0/0/50 50/40/40/0 > 6 strong colour difference Schlaepfer,
5 2. Impact of the background Experiment: Please identify a grey (achromatic, neutral) area in each field 5 different surroundings and different paper white area used Mean STD Int. STD Results 5
6 3. Modern colour differences Lets get started! It is hard to imagine that colour can be communicated by easy figures or functions " U. Schultz, Diss., Umfeld und Farbabstandsurteil, 1981, S.125 Unfortunately some physicists sinned when doing psychophysical studies. On the other side many psychologists struggled to honour clear physical and psychophysical experimental designs " M. Richter, Zeitschrift für Sinnesphysiologie, 1935, S.68 6
7 3. Modern colour difference formulae... Euclidian differences in established spaces (CIELAB 1976) Weighting of components (CMC, CIEDE94, CIEDE2000, Lübbe formulae etc.) Transformation into a new space (DIN99, CIECAM02) "Euclidisation" of a colour space (Urban 2007) Bildquelle: bvdm Bildquelle: bvdm 7
8 3. - Requirements for practical formula 8
9 3. - Requirements for practical formula Simple usage and easy to communicate 8
10 3. - Requirements for practical formula Simple usage and easy to communicate Visualization and interpretation of colour components (hue, lightness and chroma) 8
11 3. - Requirements for practical formula Simple usage and easy to communicate Visualization and interpretation of colour components (hue, lightness and chroma) Symmetrical implementation (not standard and trial) 8
12 3. - Requirements for practical formula Simple usage and easy to communicate Visualization and interpretation of colour components (hue, lightness and chroma) Symmetrical implementation (not standard and trial) Perceptual uniform 8
13 3. - Requirements for practical formula Simple usage and easy to communicate Visualization and interpretation of colour components (hue, lightness and chroma) Symmetrical implementation (not standard and trial) Perceptual uniform Easy to retrofit in established environments and devices 8
14 3. - Requirements for practical formula Simple usage and easy to communicate Visualization and interpretation of colour components (hue, lightness and chroma) Symmetrical implementation (not standard and trial) Perceptual uniform Easy to retrofit in established environments and devices What is the most appropriate formulae (for the graphic arts)? 8
15 3. - Requirements for practical formula Simple usage and easy to communicate Visualization and interpretation of colour components (hue, lightness and chroma) Symmetrical implementation (not standard and trial) Perceptual uniform Easy to retrofit in established environments and devices What is the most appropriate formulae (for the graphic arts)? Shootout! 8
16 4. - Experiment: Fogra-Roses Motivation: To established a colour difference dataset that reflects graphic arts needs. CIE-Reference conditions Fogra-Experiment Light source D65 (Simulation) D50 (Simulation) Illumination level 1000 lx 2000 lx (luminance of paper 400 cd/m 2 ) Observer normal sighted normal sighted + experienced Surround Presentation average grey (CIEL* 50) (FOGRA39 CMYK: 0/0/0/64 = CIELAB 50/0/-1) Surface colour Sample size larger than 4 ca. 2 Separation Side-by.Side T y p i c a l difference C o l o u r 0 to 5 ΔE * ab Surface structure uniform, mostly no texture (paints) uniform, printed samples 9
17 4. Colour sample selection - 46 centres of the Fogra Mediawedge [F39] - with 28 (+X) colour neighbours - with 3 Grey reference pairs - 20 observers = matches Colour centre: Red 10
![[F39] - with 28](/docs-images/85/92397029/images/18-3.jpg "(+X) colour")
18 4. Colour sample selection - 46 centres of the Fogra Mediawedge [F39] - with 28 (+X) colour neighbours - with 3 Grey reference pairs - 20 observers = matches Colour centre: Red 10
19 4. Evaluation (Pair comparison constant stimuli) Consistency check Plausibility check Quality of data sets [PF/3 und STRESS] Colour difference data set. 11
20 4. For the skin colours The winner ist: Visual colour difference Total evaluation: Evaluating variances: ΔVi ~ ΔExy Performance Factor (PF/3) and STRESS Factor Entire Dataset can be downloaded from: exeriments/fogra-roses2008/a-presentations-prepress html. 12
21 4. For the skin colours The winner ist: Visual colour difference Total evaluation: Evaluating variances: ΔVi ~ ΔExy Performance Factor (PF/3) and STRESS Factor Entire Dataset can be downloaded from: exeriments/fogra-roses2008/a-presentations-prepress html. 12
22 4. For the skin colours The winner ist: Visual colour difference Total evaluation: Evaluating variances: ΔVi ~ ΔExy Performance Factor (PF/3) and STRESS Factor Entire Dataset can be downloaded from: exeriments/fogra-roses2008/a-presentations-prepress html. 12
23 4. For the skin colours The winner ist: Visual colour difference Total evaluation: Evaluating variances: ΔVi ~ ΔExy Performance Factor (PF/3) and STRESS Factor Entire Dataset can be downloaded from: exeriments/fogra-roses2008/a-presentations-prepress html. 12
24 4. Evaluation for all colours Statistical Performance PF/ 3 STRESS 0 E * ab E 94 E 00 E CMC E Lübbe E Lübbe_korr E DIN99 E DIN99o E CIECAM02 A paper has been submitted for CIC
25 4. Findings DIN99o performed best CIEDE2000 performs second best Practically CIEDE2000 is recommended due to its widespread use and implementation & standardisation Fogra is using CIEDE2000 for all new projects and studies (and CIELAB 1976 for comparison and established/legacy evaluations) However, the correlation leaves room for optimisation 14
26 5. Summary & Out view CIEDE2000 is outperforming existing colour differences formulae Implementation differences provide some (tiny) hazels Colour difference evaluation will further develop from patch by patch differences to image differences Future studies about media relative colour difference evaluation & common appearance required Anyhow, most practical problems relate to wrong usage of instruments, backings, settings and interpretation We have to educate the industry!!! 15
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