Chapter 7. Wireless and Mobile Networks. Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach

Transcription

1 Chapter 7 Wireless and Mobile Networks Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 7 th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Pearson/Addison Wesley April

2 Background: # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds # wired phone subscribers (5-to-1)! # wireless Internet-connected devices equals # wireline Internet-connected devices laptops, Internet-enabled phones promise anytime untethered Internet access two important (but different) challenges wireless: communication over wireless link mobility: handling the mobile user who changes point of attachment to 7-2

3 Chapter 7 outline 7.1 Introduction Wireless 7.2 Wireless links, characteristics CDMA 6.73 IEEE wireless LANs ( Wi-Fi ) 67.4 Cellular Internet Access architecture standards (e.g., 3G, LTE) Mobility 7.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users 7.6 Mobile IP 7.7 Handling mobility in cellular s 7.8 Mobility and higher-layer protocols 7-3

4 Elements of a wireless infrastructure 7-4

5 Elements of a wireless infrastructure wireless hosts laptop, smartphone run applications may be stationary (nonmobile) or mobile wireless does not always mean mobility 7-5

6 Elements of a wireless infrastructure base station typically connected to wired relay - responsible for sending packets between wired and wireless host(s) in its area e.g., cell towers, access points 7-6

7 Elements of a wireless infrastructure wireless link typically used to connect mobile(s) to base station also used as backbone link multiple access protocol coordinates link access various data rates, transmission distance 7-7

8 Characteristics of selected wireless links ac n a,g a,g point-to-point Data rate (Mbps) b 4G: LTWE WIMAX 3G: UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO 2.5G: UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA G: IS-95, CDMA, GSM Indoor 10-30m Outdoor m Mid-range outdoor 200m 4 Km Long-range outdoor 5Km 20 Km 7-8

9 Elements of a wireless infrastructure infrastructure mode base station connects mobiles into wired handoff: mobile changes base station providing connection into wired 7-9

10 Elements of a wireless ad hoc mode no base stations nodes can only transmit to other nodes within link coverage nodes organize themselves into a : route among themselves 7-10

11 Wireless taxonomy infrastructure (e.g., APs) no infrastructure single hop host connects to base station (WiFi, WiMAX, cellular) which connects to larger Internet no base station, no connection to larger Internet (Bluetooth, ad hoc nets) multiple hops host may have to relay through several wireless nodes to connect to larger Internet: mesh net no base station, no connection to larger Internet. May have to relay to reach other a given wireless node MANET, VANET 7-11

12 Chapter 7 outline 7.1 Introduction Wireless 7.2 Wireless links, characteristics CDMA 7.3 IEEE wireless LANs ( Wi-Fi ) 7.4 Cellular Internet access architecture standards (e.g., 3G, LTE) Mobility 7.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users 7.6 Mobile IP 7.7 Handling mobility in cellular s 7.8 Mobility and higher-layer protocols 7-12

13 Components of cellular architecture cell covers geographical region base station (BS) analogous to AP mobile users attach to through BS air-interface: physical and link layer protocol between mobile and BS MSC connects cells to wired tel. net. manages call setup (more later!) handles mobility (more later!) Mobile Switching Center Mobile Switching Center Public telephone wired 7-13

14 Cellular s: the first hop Two techniques for sharing mobile-to-bs radio spectrum combined FDMA/TDMA: divide spectrum in frequency channels, divide each channel into time slots CDMA: code division multiple access time slots frequency bands 7-14

15 2G (voice) architecture Base station system (BSS) BTS BSC MSC G Gateway MSC Public telephone Legend Base transceiver station (BTS) Base station controller (BSC) Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Mobile subscribers 7-15

16 3G (voice+data) architecture radio controller MSC G Gateway MSC Public telephone Key insight: new cellular data operates in parallel (except at edge) with existing cellular voice voice unchanged in core data operates in parallel SGSN G GGSN Public Internet Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 7-16

17 3G (voice+data) architecture radio controller MSC G Gateway MSC Public telephone SGSN G Public Internet GGSN radio interface (WCDMA, HSPA) radio access Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) core General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Core Network public Internet 7-17

18 3G versus 4G LTE architecture 3G radio controller MSC G Public telephone Gateway MSC SGSN G Public Internet GGSN 4G-LTE MME HSS G G Public Internet radio access Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC) S-GW P-GW 7-18

19 4G: differences from 3G all IP core: IP packets tunneled (through core IP ) from base station to gateway no separation between voice and data all traffic carried over IP core to gateway Mobility Home Subscriber Management Server(HSS) Entity (MME) (like HLR+VLR) UE enodeb (user element) (base station) HSS MME Serving Packet data Gateway (S-GW) Gateway (P-GW) radio access Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) data Evolved Packet Core (EPC) G S-GW G P-GW Public Internet 7-19

20 Functional split of major LTE components handles idle/active UE transitions pages UE sets up enodeb-pgw tunnel (aka bearer) holds idle UE info QoS enforcement 7-20

21 Radio+Tunneling: UE enodeb PGW IP packet from UE encapsulated in GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) message at ENodeB GTP message encapsulated in UDP, then encapsulated in IP. large IP packet addressed to SGW U E enodeb G S-GW G P-GW link-layer radio net tunnel 7-21

22 Quality of Service in LTE QoS from enodeb to SGW: min and max guaranteed bit rate QoS in radio access : one of 12 QCI values 7-22

23 Chapter 7 outline 7.1 Introduction Wireless 7.2 Wireless links, characteristics CDMA 7.3 IEEE wireless LANs ( Wi-Fi ) 7.4 Cellular Internet Access architecture standards (e.g., 3G, LTE) Mobility 7.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users 7.6 Mobile IP 7.7 Handling mobility in cellular s 7.8 Mobility and higher-layer protocols 7-23

24 What is mobility? spectrum of mobility, from the perspective: no mobility high mobility mobile wireless user, using same access point mobile user, connecting/ disconnecting from using DHCP. mobile user, passing through multiple access point while maintaining ongoing connections (like cell phone) 7-24

25 Mobility: vocabulary home : permanent home of mobile (e.g., /24) home agent: entity that will perform mobility functions on behalf of mobile, when mobile is remote permanent address: address in home, can always be used to reach mobile e.g., wide area 7-25

26 Mobility: more vocabulary permanent address: remains constant (e.g., ) care-of-address: address in visited. (e.g., 79, ) visited : in which mobile currently resides (e.g., /24) wide area correspondent: wants to communicate with mobile foreign agent: entity in visited that performs mobility functions on behalf of mobile. 7-26

27 How do you contact a mobile friend: Consider friend frequently changing addresses, how do you find her? search all phone books? call her parents? expect her to let you know where he/she is? Facebook! I wonder where Alice moved to? 7-27

28 Mobility: approaches let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent address of mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual routing table exchange. routing tables indicate where each mobile located no changes to end-systems let end-systems handle it: indirect routing: communication from correspondent to mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to remote direct routing: correspondent gets foreign address of mobile, sends directly to mobile 7-28

29 Mobility: approaches let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent address of mobile-nodes-in-residence not via usual routing table exchange. scalable routing tables indicate to millions where of each mobile located mobiles no changes to end-systems let end-systems handle it: indirect routing: communication from correspondent to mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to remote direct routing: correspondent gets foreign address of mobile, sends directly to mobile 7-29

30 Mobility: registration home visited wide area foreign agent contacts home agent home: this mobile is resident in my 2 1 mobile contacts foreign agent on entering visited end result: foreign agent knows about mobile home agent knows location of mobile 7-30

31 Mobility via indirect routing home home agent intercepts packets, forwards to foreign agent foreign agent receives packets, forwards to mobile 3 visited correspondent addresses packets using home address of mobile 1 wide area 2 4 mobile replies directly to correspondent 7-31

32 Indirect Routing: comments mobile uses two addresses: permanent address: used by correspondent (hence mobile location is transparent to correspondent) care-of-address: used by home agent to forward datagrams to mobile foreign agent functions may be done by mobile itself triangle routing: correspondent-home-mobile inefficient when correspondent, mobile are in same 7-32

33 Indirect routing: moving between s suppose mobile user moves to another registers with new foreign agent new foreign agent registers with home agent home agent update care-of-address for mobile packets continue to be forwarded to mobile (but with new care-of-address) mobility, changing foreign s transparent: on going connections can be maintained! 7-33

34 Mobility via direct routing home correspondent forwards to foreign agent foreign agent receives packets, forwards to mobile visited correspondent requests, receives foreign address of mobile mobile replies directly to correspondent 7-34

35 Mobility via direct routing: comments overcome triangle routing problem non-transparent to correspondent: correspondent must get care-of-address from home agent what if mobile changes visited?

36 Accommodating mobility with direct routing anchor foreign agent: FA in first visited data always routed first to anchor FA when mobile moves: new FA arranges to have data forwarded from old FA (chaining) correspondent wide area 1 correspondent agent anchor foreign agent new foreign agent foreign net visited at session start 2 new foreign 7-36

37 Chapter 7 outline 7.1 Introduction Wireless 7.2 Wireless links, characteristics CDMA 7.3 IEEE wireless LANs ( Wi-Fi ) 7.4 Cellular Internet Access architecture standards (e.g., 3G, LTE) Mobility 7.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users 7.6 Mobile IP 7.7 Handling mobility in cellular s 7.8 Mobility and higher-layer protocols 7-37

38 Mobile IP RFC 3344 has many features we ve seen: home agents, foreign agents, foreign-agent registration, care-of-addresses, encapsulation (packet-within-apacket) three components to standard: indirect routing of datagrams agent discovery registration with home agent 7-38

39 Mobile IP: indirect routing foreign-agent-to-mobile packet packet sent by home agent to foreign agent: a packet within a packet dest: dest: dest: Permanent address: dest: packet sent by correspondent Care-of address:

40 Mobile IP: agent discovery agent advertisement: foreign/home agents advertise service by broadcasting ICMP messages (typefield = 9) type = 9 code = 0 checksum H,F bits: home and/or foreign agent router address standard ICMP fields R bit: registration required type = 16 length sequence # registration lifetime RBHFMGV bits 0 or more care-ofaddresses reserved mobility agent advertisement extension 7-40

41 Mobile IP: registration example home agent HA: registration req. COA: HA: MA: Lifetime: 9999 identification: 714 encapsulation format. visited : /24 foreign agent COA: ICMP agent adv. COA: registration req. COA: HA: MA: Lifetime: 9999 identification:714. mobile agent MA: time registration reply HA: MA: Lifetime: 4999 Identification: 714 encapsulation format. registration reply HA: MA: Lifetime: 4999 Identification:

42 Components of cellular architecture recall: wired public telephone correspondent MSC MSC MSC MSC MSC different cellular s, operated by different providers 7-42

43 Handling mobility in cellular s home : of cellular provider you subscribe to (e.g., Sprint PCS, Verizon) home location register (HLR): database in home containing permanent cell phone #, profile information (services, preferences, billing), information about current location (could be in another ) visited : in which mobile currently resides visitor location register (VLR): database with entry for each user currently in could be home 7-43

44 GSM: indirect routing to mobile home MSC consults HLR, gets roaming number of mobile in visited mobile user HLR 4 2 home home Mobile Switching Center VLR Mobile Switching Center visited 3 correspondent 1 call routed to home Public switched telephone home MSC sets up 2 nd leg of call to MSC in visited MSC in visited completes call through base station to mobile 7-44

45 GSM: handoff with common MSC old BSS VLR old routing Mobile Switching Center new routing new BSS handoff goal: route call via new base station (without interruption) reasons for handoff: stronger signal to/from new BSS (continuing connectivity, less battery drain) load balance: free up channel in current BSS GSM doesn't mandate why to perform handoff (policy), only how (mechanism) handoff initiated by old BSS 7-45

46 GSM: handoff with common MSC old BSS 1 VLR 8 Mobile Switching Center new BSS 1. old BSS informs MSC of impending handoff, provides list of 1 + new BSSs 2. MSC sets up path (allocates resources) to new BSS 3. new BSS allocates radio channel for use by mobile 4. new BSS signals MSC, old BSS: ready 5. old BSS tells mobile: perform handoff to new BSS 6. mobile, new BSS signal to activate new channel 7. mobile signals via new BSS to MSC: handoff complete. MSC reroutes call 8 MSC-old-BSS resources released 7-46

47 GSM: handoff between MSCs home Home MSC anchor MSC MSC correspondent PSTN MSC MSC anchor MSC: first MSC visited during call call remains routed through anchor MSC new MSCs add on to end of MSC chain as mobile moves to new MSC optional path minimization step to shorten multi-msc chain (a) before handoff 7-47

48 GSM: handoff between MSCs home Home MSC anchor MSC MSC correspondent PSTN MSC MSC (b) after handoff anchor MSC: first MSC visited during call call remains routed through anchor MSC new MSCs add on to end of MSC chain as mobile moves to new MSC optional path minimization step to shorten multi-msc chain 7-48

49 Handling Mobility in LTE Paging: idle UE may move from cell to cell: does not know where the idle UE is resident paging message from MME broadcast by all enodeb to locate UE handoff: similar to 3G: preparation phase execution phase completion phase source MME old enodeb old routing P-GW new routing target MME new enodeb 7-49

50 Mobility: cellular versus Mobile IP cellular element Comment on cellular element Mobile IP element Home system Gateway Mobile Switching Center, or home MSC. Home Location Register (HLR) Visited System Visited Mobile services Switching Center. Visitor Location Record (VLR) Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN), or roaming number Network to which mobile user s permanent phone number belongs Home MSC: point of contact to obtain routable address of mobile user. HLR: database in home system containing permanent phone number, profile information, current location of mobile user, subscription information Network other than home system where mobile user is currently residing Visited MSC: responsible for setting up calls to/from mobile nodes in cells associated with MSC. VLR: temporary database entry in visited system, containing subscription information for each visiting mobile user Routable address for telephone call segment between home MSC and visited MSC, visible to neither the mobile nor the correspondent. Home Home agent Visited Foreign agent Care-ofaddress 7-50

51 Wireless, mobility: impact on higher layer protocols logically, impact should be minimal best effort service model remains unchanged TCP and UDP can (and do) run over wireless, mobile but performance-wise: packet loss/delay due to bit-errors (discarded packets, delays for link-layer retransmissions), and handoff TCP interprets loss as congestion, will decrease congestion window un-necessarily delay impairments for real-time traffic limited bandwidth of wireless links 7-51

52 Chapter 7 summary Wireless wireless links: capacity, distance channel impairments CDMA IEEE ( Wi-Fi ) CSMA/CA reflects wireless channel characteristics cellular access architecture standards (e.g., 3G, 4G LTE) Mobility principles: addressing, routing to mobile users home, visited s direct, indirect routing care-of-addresses case studies mobile IP mobility in GSM, LTE impact on higher-layer protocols 7-52