Decision Structures. Start. Do I have a test in morning? Study for test. Watch TV tonight. Stop
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1 Decision Structures In the programs created thus far, Visual Basic reads and processes each of the procedure instructions in turn, one after the other. This is known as sequential processing or as the sequence structure. There are however two other programming structures known as decision structures and repetition structures. Many applications use decision (or selection) structures to control which program instructions are processed. Decision structures enable a program to make decisions, or comparisons, and then select one of two program paths based on the result. This structure can be thought of as a fork in a road and can be represented visually using a flowchart. In a typical day, you probably make hundreds of decisions. For example if you have a test tomorrow morning, then you should study tonight, if not, you can watch the late night showing of Greys Anatomy on TV. This could be represented using a flowchart. Start Do I have a test in morning? Y Study for test N Watch TV tonight Stop In the above flowchart, the diamond shape represents the decision structure. Inside the diamond is a question or condition with a yes/no answer. The decision structure has one flow-line leading into it, and two flow-lines leading out of it. The out-flowing lines are marked with Y & N (for Yes/No) or T & F (for True/False) to clearly indicate the true path from the false path. Flowcharts can be used to show the steps that must be completed in order to accomplish a task. To translate a flowchart into VB code, simply start at the top and write the code for each symbol as you follow the flow-lines down the flowchart. Some symbols may require several lines of code, while the start symbol requires no coding.
2 The IF Then Statement The If Then statement executes a set of statements when a condition is true. Syntax: If condition Then statements executed when condition is true For example in the following If Then statement intcredits >= 20 is the condition and there is one statement that will be executed when the condition is true. If intcredits >= 20 Then lblmessage.text= Congratulations, you can graduate this year! Care must be taken when writing the condition of an If Then statement as it must be written as a Boolean expression that evaluates to true or false. In the above condition, the relational operator >= is used to determine the value of the variable intcredits. If the value is greater than or equal to 20, then the Text property of lblmessage will be changed to display the message congratulations, you can graduate this year!. If the value is less than 2, the statement is not executed as the condition is not true. Program flow continues to the code directly after the Relational Operators Operator Meaning = equal to < less than > greater than >= greater than OR equal to <= less than OR equal to <> not equal to
3 Lab# 6 Decisions You will create a grading application that enables the user to enter a test mark. If the mark entered is greater than 90, the message Good job A+ should be displayed. Open a new Project and create the form at the right. Name the project Grading. Make the following changes to the controls: Form1 MenuStrip Label 1 Label 2 Name - frmgrading Text Grading Form1.vb renamed MainForm Name - lblenterprompt Text Enter a Numeric Grade File Name -mnufile Process Name mnufileprocess Clear Name mnufileclear TextBox Button Name - lblmessage Text Grade Information Name - txtnumericgrade Name - cmdprocess Text Process Exit Help About Name mnufileexit Name mnuhelp Name -mnuhelpabout
4 In this program, we are going to code for five events, all clicks of the mouse on the menu objects or the command button. When the Exit menu is clicked, the program will close. We have seen this code in the last lab. When the Clear menu is clicked, the value in the textbox and the value in the Message label will be cleared (Message caption will change to reflect the Grade Information message). When the Process button is clicked or when the Process menu is clicked, the program will determine if the entered value is greater than 90. If it is, the message label will change. Planning: For this program we will need the following: No formulas needed Variables: grade needs to be a number, decimals should be allowed The scope of these variables needs only to be used within the form class, thus, they should be declared after Public Class and before any of the subroutines using Private.
5 The flowchart for the Process procedure looks like this: Start Get numeric grade from user Convert value to a number Is value >= 90? N Y Display message Good Work A+ Stop
6 Pseudo-code: Declare Variable Grade (Use Option Explicit On and Option Infer Off) mnufileexit _Click Exit program mnufileclear_click clear contents of textbox (set to empty strings) reset label for message to Grade Information cmdprocess_click AND mnufileprocess_click get user input from text box and put them into variable using Val to convert to Numeric data If variable > 90 then display the message Good Job A+ in the label mnuhelpabout_click Display MessageBox with program details. Code: 'Grading Application 'purpose: to introduce Decision Structures to students. 'Program will request a grade from the user and if the 'value is greater than 90, a message will display "Good job A+" 'of a sqaure that has that length measurement. 'Written by Computer Teacher, One day 'Modified by you, today Option Explicit On Option Infer Off
7 Public Class frmgrading 'Declare variables Private snggrade As Single Private Sub cmdprocess_click(byval sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdprocess.click snggrade = Val(txtNumericGrade.Text If snggrade > 90 Then lblmessage.text = "Good Job A+" 'converts textbox value to number 'decision structure 'repeat of code from Command Button Private Sub mnufileprocess_click(byval sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles mnufileprocess.click snggrade = Val(txtNumericGrade.Text) If snggrade > 90 Then lblmessage.text = "Good Job A+" converts textbox value to number 'decision structure 'Exit program Private Sub mnufileexit_click(byval sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles mnufileexit.click Me.Close() 'Displays information about the program Private Sub mnuhelpabout_click(byval sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles mnuhelpabout.click MessageBox.Show("Letter Grading messenger", "Grading 2.0") 'clear text box and reset message Private Sub mnufileclear_click(byval sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles mnufileclear.click lblmessage.text = "Grade Information" txtnumericgrade.text = " " End Class 'empty string Save All and test your program. If you enter a grade of 90 or below, no action is taken as there is no allowance for that in the code.
8 The IF Then Statement The If Then statement executes one set of statements when a condition is true and another set of statements if the condition is not true. Syntax: The If Then statement takes the form: If condition Then statements executed when condition IS true statements executed when condition IS NOT true Only ONE of the above statements can be executed, depending on if the condition evaluates as true or false. In the following example, if the condition radadd.checked=true evaluates as true (meaning the radio button radadd is checked), then program flow continues to the statements immediately below the condition. The variable sngsum is therefore calculated by adding the contents of the two textboxes Mark1 and Mark2. The text property of the label control lblanswer would then be updated as shown. Program flow would then skip ahead to the end of the statement. If the condition evaluates as false (meaning the radio button radadd is NOT checked) then program flow skips the statements immediately following the condition, and instead jumps ahead and executes the statements following the statement. In this case the variable sngsum would be assigned the value zero. Program flow then continues. If radadd.checked = True Then sngsum = Val(txtMark1.text) + Val(txtMark2.text) lblanswer.text = The sum of the marks is & sngsum sngsum = 0
9 Lab# 6 continued We will modify the previous grade application so that in addition to displaying Good job A+ for marks greater than 90, the message Good work, keep practicing! is displayed for marks of 90 or less. Our form will not need to change, nor will our variable. The flowchart would need to be changed to reflect another message after the decision: Is value >= 90? N Y Display message Good Work A+ Display message Not bad keep going Stop The pseudocode changes are only to the Process procedures: cmdprocess_click AND mnufileprocess_click get user input from text box and put them into variable using Val to convert to Numeric data If variable > 90 then display the message Good Job A+ in the label Display the message Not bad keep going
10 Code (note that there are only two lines added to each procedure): Private Sub cmdprocess_click(byval sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdprocess.click snggrade = Val(txtNumericGrade.Text) 'converts text box value to numeric value If snggrade > 90 Then 'decision structure lblmessage.text = "Good Job A+" lblmessage.text = "Not bad...keep going" 'repeat of code from Command Button Private Sub mnufileprocess_click(byval sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles mnufileprocess.click snggrade = Val(txtNumericGrade.Text) 'converts text box value to numeric value If snggrade > 90 Then 'decision structure lblmessage.text = "Good Job A+" lblmessage.text = "Not bad...keep going"
11 Logical Operators Logical operators (AND, OR, NOT) can also be used to combine several conditions into one compound condition. The chart below shows the three most commonly used operators and their meaning. Logical Operator AND OR NOT Meaning ALL conditions connected by the AND operator must be true for the compound operator to evaluate as true. Only ONE of the conditions connected by the OR operator needs to be true for the compound operator to evaluate as true. REVERSES the value of the condition. True becomes false, false becomes true. Truth Table for AND operator Value of Condition 1 Value of Condition 2 Value of Compound condition (condition 1 AND condition 2) True True True True False False False True False False False False Truth Table for OR operator Value of Condition 1 Value of Condition 2 Value of Compound condition (condition 1 OR condition 2) True True True True False True False True True False False False Truth Table for NOT operator Value of Condition True False Value of NOT Condition False True
12 Truth Tables explained The truth tables show the possible combinations in which the separate conditions that make up a compound condition can evaluated using logical operators, along with their combined result. AND operator Notice that when the AND logical operator is used to combine the two conditions, condition 1 and condition 2, then the resulting compound condition is True ONLY when BOTH conditions are True. If either condition is False, or if both are False, then the compound condition evaluates as False. When Visual Basic evaluates a compound condition that uses an AND operator, if the first condition is False, then the second condition is not even evaluated. Also, if either one of the conditions is False, the resulting compound condition must also be False. OR operator When the OR logical operator is used to combine the two conditions, condition 1 and condition 2, then the resulting compound condition is False only when BOTH conditions are False. If either condition is True, or if both are TRUE, then the compound condition evaluates as TRUE. NOT operator Reverses the Truth condition of the operator. Use of the NOT operator is best avoided if possible as it can be confusing! Just like expressions that contain relational operators, expressions containing logical operators always result in either a True or False answer. In the case of compound expressions, any mathematical operators are evaluated first, relational operators are operated next, and logical operators are evaluated last. For example in the following compound expression 8 > 4 AND 10 < 2 * 6 uses the AND logical operator and evaluates as True. 2*6 is evaluated first resulting In 8 > 4 AND 10 < 12 8 > 4 is evaluated next resulting In True AND 10 <12 10 < 12 is evaluated next resulting In True AND True Exercise True AND True is evaluated last resulting In True Calculate and determine if the following compound expressions evaluate as True or false > 0 AND 12 < 10 * / 3 > 4 AND 12 < 7 * ^2 > 10 AND 2 * < < 2 * 7 OR 12 > 10 * * 2 > 3* OR 12 / 6 2 > 10 * SQR(9) 6 * 7-2
13 Nested If Then Statements If Then statements can each contain another If Then statement, and is then said to be nested. Syntax: Nested If Then statements take the form: If condition 1 Then statements executed when condition1 is true If condition 2 Then statements executed when condition2 is true If condition 3 Then statements executed when condition 3 is true statements It is good programming style to indent nested If Then statements as shown. The last statement is optional. In the following example, if the radio button radcube is checked then the variable sngvolume is calculated using the formula for the volume of a cube and is then displayed. if the radio button radsphere is checked instead, then the value of sngvolume is calculated using the formula for the volume of a sphere. If radcube.checked=true Then sngvolume = length * width * height lblmessage.text = Volume of cube is & sngvolume If radsphere.checked=true Then sngvolume = 4/3 * 3.14 * radius^3 lblmessage.text = Volume of cube is & sngvolume sngvolume =0 lblmessage.visible=false
14 The IF Then If Statement The If Then If statement is generally used to decide among 3 or more actions. Syntax: The If Then If statement takes the form: If condition 1 Then statements executed when condition 1 is true If condition 2 Then statements executed when condition 2 is true If condition3 Then statements executed when condition 3 is true statement There can be multiple If statements as shown above. The last statement is optional. Decision structures with several branches can be difficult to understand so should include inline comments to help explain the logic. This is especially true of the last branch of a decision structure which does not always include an explicit instruction! A single If Then If statement is generally easier to understand and considered better programming style than nested If Then statements.
15 Lab# 6 Continued Modify the grades lab to reflect the following: If mark 80 and above, display Excellent, grade A If mark 70 and above, but less than80, display Well done, grade B If mark 60 and above, but less than 70, display Pass, grade C If mark < 60, display Try studying more Our form will not need to change, nor will our variable. The flowchart would need to be changed to reflect another message after the decision: Is value >=80? N Y Display message Excellent, Grade A Is value >=70 & <80? N Y Display message Well done, Grade B Is value >=60 & <70? N Y Display message Pass, Grade C Display message Try studying more Stop
16 Code Private Sub cmdprocess_click(byval sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdprocess.click snggrade = Val(txtNumericGrade.Text) 'converts text box value to numeric value If snggrade >= 80 Then 'decision structure lblmessage.text = "Excellent, Grade A" If snggrade >= 70 And snggrade < 80 Then lblmessage.text = "Well done, Grade B" If snggrade >= 60 And snggrade < 70 Then lblmessage.text = "Pass, Grade C" lblmessage.text = "Try studying more" Don t forget to place the same code in the mnufile Process_Click procedure. Save all and test your program with several different data to ensure that it functions properly. The Select Case Statement The Select Case statement is a decision structure that is useful used as an alternative to nested If Then statements as the code is generally easier to read. The select case structure uses the result of a condition to determine which statements to execute. Syntax: The Select Case statement takes the form. Select Case expression Case value 1 statement executed if value 1 true Case value 2 statement executed if value 2 true Case statement executed if value 1 AND value 2 NOT true End Select
17 For example the Select Case statement below assigns a value to the variable curcost, depending on the value of the variable intgroupsize. If intgroupsize=1 then curcost=50. If intgroupsize=2 then curcost=75. Select Case intgroupsize Case 1 curcost=50 Case 2 curcost=75 Case 3 curcost=100 End Select The Select Case Is Statement The Select Case Is statement compares the result of an expression to a range of values when a relational operator is part of the value. Select Case intspeed Case Is < 74 lblmessage.text = "Not Hurricaine strength" Case Is < 95 lblmessage.text = "Category 1 Hurricaine" Case Is < 110 lblmessage.text = "Category 2 Hurricaine" Case Is < 130 lblmessage.text = "Category 3 Hurricaine" End Select For example the Select Case Is statement below uses a relational operator to compare the value of the variable intspeed to the values shown. The lblmessage.text will therefore be changed depending on the windspeed represented by the variable intspeed.
18 Random Numbers Random Numbers are required by many types of applications, such as games, simulators, and screen savers. The RND ( ) function generates a random number greater or equal to 0 and less than 1. Remember a function is a procedure that performs a task and returns a value. IE. lblrandom.text = Rnd( ) Larger Range To generate random numbers in a greater range, multiply Rnd by the upper limit of the range. IE. lblrandom.text = Rnd( ) * 10 Changing the lower limit If you would like to use a lower limit other than zero, use the following syntax: (High_Number - Low_Number +1) * Rnd() + Low_Number High_Number - the maximum value desired. Low_Number - the minimum value desired. Example lblrandom.text = 16 * Rnd ( )+ 20 Would give a range of 20 to 45. To figure this out use the formula of high_number low_number +1 = number before Rnd or (X ) = 16 INT The INT() function returns an integer portion of a number (without rounding). Combining INT and RND will produce random integers. IE. lblrandom.text = Int ( 16 * Rnd( ) + 20)
19 Randomize Programs using random numbers need the Randomize ( ) statement in order for different numbers to be generated each run of the program. The Randomize statement should only be executed once in a program and be placed before any call of the Rnd () function, thus placing it in the form_load procedure is the best place for it. IE. Private Sub Form _ Load ( ) Randomize () initializes random number generator
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